Today’s Unions

Over the years unions have been forced to change with the times. Looking at some of these changes and discussing how the unions have evolved over time will be discussed in this paper. Also the philosophy and how the unions accommodate its members have changes so this to will be discussed. After looking at all of this a couple of proposals will be discussed to help unions broaden their appeal. Unions all over the world are considered to be failing because of their low numbers. The influence and power unions had over management in companies when it came to policies has faded due to the huge decline in total number of members. (Troy, 2001). Troy stated in his research that the unionism which is experiencing a huge membership demand and the market share in past is now lagging far behind from the expected objective in this regard (Troy, 2001). According to facts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), countries that are impacted by unions are facing challenges in terms of the diminishing ratio of the workers associated with the union. Kumar & Murray, 2002). Looking at the evaluations from the past years concerning union history, one can analyze that the real challenge that the companies have is to change the organization so that the threat of losing competent union members will be null. Unions should evaluate their history so that they can use the data to formulate a strategy to keep control over the influence of management. Befo re unions were born the people were born into poor families and had to work in organizations from the age of six, where the average day consisted of 18 hours. During this time such things as a day off, overtime compensation, and minimum daily wages were only a thing of dreams. â€Å"There exist no rules and regulations related to the job security, social security, job insurance, security against layoffs and several other serious issues† (Slupik, 2005, pg 22). Introducing unions into organizations help change the conditions for the employees. These drastic changes made the difference and started a movement in favor of the employees. Individuals could express their individual interest which was previously hampered by the company. Human resource departments and unions help influence power over the management and obtained authority to stand against the policies of company. If it did not seem to be in the best interest of the worker’s the union would flex its authority to make changes. The unions establish policies and rules that are pro employee and push for fair wages, a fair work schedule, overtime compensation, and job security to name a few. This helped give the employees a piece of mind and helped not only the welfare of the employee but the employer. Unions over time changed their focus from individual concerns to the organization and the collective concerns of all industries. Unions are now looking at the bigger picture and instead of focusing on the employees of a particular company they are looking at the welfare of all that work in similar industries. This means that the unions are working for and on the behalf of the employee’s and their rights. The unions focus is safeguarding the security of the employees and these interests seem to align with the human resource department. In the late 20s unions started losing its influence in the industries and due to aggressive attacks from rich and efficient organizations which eventually wiped out unions and created a system of non-union semi-slave labor areas in some other countries. This enabled them to continue to sell their product and services at same or higher prices in the market. By these measure organizations succeeded in reducing the union represented jobs, which was 36% in 1954 to a now lower 16 %. Slupik, 2005) The unions have to implement new philosophies that consider the largest population and broaden its scope of operation to other workplace environments. First union’s must concentrate on diversity and look past their initial focus of manufacturing and broaden its scope to all businesses. With today’s changing economy the manufacturing side of business has diminished so the unions must change in hopes to keep their members. Secondly unions must focus on changing policies within organiz ations and focus their efforts on those that go against the interest of the people. This can prove to be a stressful process since policy is constantly changing these days to keep up with government laws. Unions must form partnerships with the companies to keep up with all of these changes. Constant change seems to be the only norm within companies and this causes difficulties for the unions. Looking at some of these changes unions have made and how their philosophies have changed two proposals were briefly discussed to help in this transition. The bottom line is the only way for the unions to keep up with the every changing company is to become fluid and stay one step ahead of them.

A Persuasive Essay About the Influence Television Has on Children

Obesity is a growing problem, and it is time for parents to step up to the plate and take responsibility for child obesity. Daniel Weintraub uses an emotional appeal, the article â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food begins in the Home†, to mandate parents to take responsibility to protect their children against obesity. He states that even though the fast-food companies and the government contribute and influence childhood obesity, ultimately it is the parents’ responsibility for obesity in their children.He provides several good points showing how parents are the ones to take the blame for the increasing problem. I believe that parents are indeed responsible for child obesity. Weintraub makes several good points on how parents should take responsibility and avoid obesity in their children. He does this by commanding parents to teach their children good habits, especially good, healthy eating and exercise habits. Also, he states that parents should protect children agains t bad things.In this case, fast-food is considered a bad thing since it does not only make children obese but causes a variety of medical conditions as well, so parents need to step up and protect their children against fast-food. Lastly, he believes that parents need to take responsibility since they are in the best position to educate their children. According to Daniel Wientraub, â€Å"It is parents–not the government, not the fast-food companies, not the video-game manufactures–are in the best position to fight the epidemic of overweight children. As you can see Weintraub believes that there is no one to blame for childhood obesity but the parents. Weintraub makes several good points, which induces parents to take responsibility and action for the matter. Even though Weintraub makes a good argument, he has a few weak points, because his opinions are too simple when there is more to it than what he presents. For example, Weintraub does not provide any sort of stati stics, facts, or references. Also, you could argue that teachers, not parents, are in the best position to teach their children since they are well educated in the field of health and nutrition.After all, teachers are required to teach health class in school. Lastly, the whole article is just an emotional appeal in which Weintraub goes to the extremes and exaggerates. Weintraub says, â€Å"We have laws against leaving a loaded weapon where their children can find it and use it to hurt themselves or others. But no one seems to want to tell parents that they need to protect their children from unhealthy foods and from sloth. † Clearly, he exaggerates because it is almost absurd to compare the dangers of a firearm to the dangers of a french-fry.Overall, I agree with Weintraub and believe that parents are the ones responsible for childhood obesity. First of all, parents’ poor eating habits have a great influence in child obesity. Parents need to educate themselves in the n utrition field, to be able to offer a good, healthy diet and correct portion sizes to their children. Secondly, the lack of discipline by parents also contributes to obesity in their children. Parents are easily manipulated by their children, and as a result children get what they want.Parents need to make their children get some sort of exercise as well. Lastly, parents’ economic issues might lead them to buy fast-food, but fast-food is not as cheap as it seems. When you add up all the numbers it is inevitable to notice that the difference between fast-food and home cooked meals is minimum. According to a Yale survey, seventy percent of the cause to the rise in childhood obesity rests with the parents. As you can see, statistics have shown that parents are the responsible ones for obesity in children.Evidently obesity among children is a huge, dangerous problem, which parents need to take action of and help their children. It is a must for parents to teach their children abo ut proper eating habits. Disciple also influences a child’s obesity and parents need to get a bit strict with their children. Lastly, economic issues should not lead parents to buy fast-food because it is not that cheap and very unhealthy. I believe it is time to stop blaming others. Parents need to get well educated, so they can provide good eating habits and decrease the growing problem of obesity in children.

Global Market Place Activities Essay

Internet America is a wireless ISP (WISP) that operates within the southern United States. Currently we have been expanding the use of WiMAX hardware to provide our customer base a better user experience with fewer issues. Our older hardware has become unusable due to the vendor being restricted from sales in the United States so we made the recent decision to utilize WiMAX hardware developed by an Israeli company. This has brought on the added challenge of maintaining the hardware in the event of a Middle East conflict that potentially could choke off supplies of the equipment in the United States. This ongoing conflict has no foreseeable end in sight so the CEO made the decision to negotiate into the contract with the Israeli company to provide us onsite spares for all major hardware to mitigate the chances of service interruptions to our customers in the event of an escalation of events in that region of the world. Risk Sources The first identified risk for Internet America is the potential loss of our climate control systems that cool our corporate data center location. This location has a large number of temperature sensitive devices that are currently cooled by systems that are aging (8-12 years old) and are heavily utilized most of the year due to the location of our corporate offices in Houston Texas. This location necessitates that we run these systems continually for nine to eleven months of the year. This heavy utilization and the hardware’s age pose a very real risk to the serviceability of our corporate structure and support of our customers. Being a WISP, the company relies heavily on the ability to move data to and from the customers. Our corporate headquarters are fed by a point to point fiber connection to our datacenter at Cyrus 1 in Houston TX. As with any buried cabling there is the potential for a cabling cut due to construction or as is more likely for our current location road repairs. The access streets in our location are in disrepair and are being constantly serviced due to the heavy trucks that utilize them constantly. Attacks to our core devices and support structures are common and attempts to breach our systems occur on an almost daily basis. We have determined that most of these  attempts are mainly just beginner computer enthusiasts that are trying out something they read on the internet or inadvertently tried to access our systems. This is evident in the amateur attacks that are attempted, however several times a month we get attempts from more advanced hackers that really test our abilities to detect and stop the attack. A large number of these more advanced hacks are initiated from China. Being located in Houston TX our fourth identified risk would be damage to our Cyrus 1 datacenter location. This building was chosen due to its design and the lengths that the facilities owner has gone through to provide a stable and reliable infrastructure. Even with the most adept preparation there is no way to fully prepare a location in the event of a major natural disaster. Houston is well known for being impacted by hurricanes, tornadoes, and flooding. All of which could potentially destroy any structure in the city if the conditions are just right. The fifth identified risk is the potential for our WiMAX vender to be unable to provide hardware support in the event of an escalation of tensions in the Middle East. The conflicts in this region are well documented and have lasted for many decades with little to no end in sight. In the event of an escalation of terrorist activities against the Israeli nation we may see our hardware support be limited until the activity recedes or peace talks begin again. As with any service industry, Internet America in not immune to the possibility of personnel loss due to the turndown in the economy. Internet service for most people would be considered a necessity in today’s society so the effects of a bad economy do not affect us as hard as other industries; however our core customer base is in rural areas and those customers do not have as cemented a need for internet service. This leaves the company vulnerable to revenue loss and possible staff reductions in a bad economic environment. The availability of commercial power is fairly ubiquitous across the United States, and most companies take for granted that the service will stay on  when needed. This however is not always the case and eventually most businesses will be afflicted with the loss of power during business hours. For Internet America this could be catastrophic as the loss of commercial power would render the customer support teams unable to service our clients and detect/resolve any outages that occur throughout the network. The final and least likely risk Internet America faces is the possibility that we may fail a fire code inspection in the corporate offices. Due to the installed fire suppression systems in the datacenter, the company is required to undergo an annual fire safety inspection. In the event of a failure the facilities would not be usable until the needed repairs are completed. This could potentially disrupt our ability to service our clients properly.

Introduction to the Humanities, question question # 4 Essay

Introduction to the Humanities, question question # 4 - Essay Example He thus copied statues and reconstructed classical paintings from contemporary, ancient descriptions. His patrons would also occasionally dictate what would be painted. Sandro Botticelli exemplified this in his painting â€Å"The marriage of Alexander to Roxana†, based on the descriptions of a 2nd century Greek writer. Renaissance artists tended to idealize physical beauty and endowed their subjects with perfect proportions that did not mirror real life. Botticelli also portrayed his Venus as being perfectly symmetrical. There seems to be an instinctive yearning to illustrate and look at romanticized and unachievable skin effects and bodies. The renaissance artist simply showed the alleged representation of beauty exacted by his values, epoch, and physical settings. The solo artist who savored in taxing the conventional blueprint of beauty and techniques of painting was Leonardo da Vinci. When painting Mona Lisa, he purportedly set up orchestra and performers in his studio to ensure that she did not get bored and was amused by his efforts as depicted in the final painting. Leonardo managed to capture a deeper and more genuine beauty that is rarely depicted by artists (Bishop, 2010). In Rome, renaissance artists, while adopting the same concentration on beauty as their counterparts in Florence, portrayed an improved concentration on musculature as depicted in Antonio del Pollaiuolo’s â€Å"The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian†. Another painter, Antonio del Verrocchio also closely explored the complexities of the human anatomy. Donato Bramante, a Romish architect of the period, produced works such as â€Å"Tempietto†, a miniaturized classical temple. Renaissance artists in Rome tended to stress on the horizontal plane and the earth rather than depicting heavenly subjects. This was in contrast to Florentine painters who concentrated on depicting divine subjects in various earthly endeavors. The vanishing point of the perspective is

PUBLIC AUTHORITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PUBLIC AUTHORITY - Essay Example ation certain critical scenarios that have been recognised in the case, it is observed that two younger children of Shirley, Charlie and Danni used to play together in the street all day long. Both of them seemed to be quite unwashed and untidy. According to Mrs. Smith, Charlie is particularly aggressive in nature and acts violently towards other young children playing in the street. On the other hand, the speaking habit of Danni was very offensive for a girl of her age and the other girl Emily looked to be pregnant at such a tender age. These children appeared to not attend their school on a regular basis. Moreover, as Mr. Smith heard some noises and cries from the house and also did not see the mother of the children for few weeks, she decided get into the matter more precisely by inviting one of the children i.e. Danni to her daughter’s birthday party. This was not accepted by Shirley, the mother of three children replying that Danni was unwell and cannot attend the party. During the conversation Mrs. Smith asked Shirley, about her arm which was on a sling. In the mean time, Donald arrived at the door and aggressively shut the door in front of Mrs. Smith by telling that she should distance herself from the activities undergoing in the Barrett family. This attitude was not taken kindly by Mrs. Smith, as she decided to discuss the matter with her colleagues in her workplace. According to her, something was quite wrong in the Barrett family. In this regard, it was decided that the Local Authority is to be informed for revealing the facts appropriately. In response to the case mentioned above, it is the responsibility of the Local Authority to know what the real story behind the problems is. The Local Authority should discuss the matter with both the family members to resolve the problems and advise them to a lead a healthy life. As the Barnett family is staying in a rented house, it is obligatory for the landlord to look into the matter and try to resolve the

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT Essay - 1

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES - Essay Example Building is a form of service that is offered to the clients and the quality of the service offered depends on the ability of both the people and the organization to harmoniously work towards the attainment of the goals set by the organization. People or the organization’s human resources are a very integral part of the organization. They operate and run the machinery and carry out the roles that the machines can not do. The people are even more important when it comes to the built environment since the nature of the work is manual and the people directly offer services to the clients. People are a core resource in every organization. It is always important to fully understand these people and more so get to know how well they are able to interact with the organizational structures in totality. This is a very important aspect and highly contributes to the success of the organization. Watson, Tony J. (1994).This process of understanding the people in the organization is able to explain best the relationship that exists between the organization and its people in a building environment. Understanding the people is important as it is able to unearth the social and managerial functions that may affect the behaviour and the attitudes of the people working in the organization. This in turn may affect the performance as well as the effectiveness of the organization, Willcocks, Leslie and Jenny Harrow (1992). Understanding the people helps in exploring the on the most effective ways of improving the organizational effectiveness and performance. The principles of management are of importance to my profession because they lay the guidelines to successful management. Waterhouse, Mike and Geoff, C., (1995): The fourteen principles highlight the guidelines that managers need to follow in their actions and decision making process. These include; 1. The division of work; When people in the

Retirement options for nurses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Retirement options for nurses - Research Paper Example The nurses enjoy their career, and they love their respectable profession, but most of them look forward to hanging up their scrubs - they opt to retire earlier than usual due to the nature of their job. In most cases, they retire without any retirement plan, and as per the report of the Center for American Nurses, not more than 40 percent of the registered nurses have any retirement plan like 401 (k) offered by the employer or any other long term saving or investment plans (Blakeley & Ribeiro, 2008). It suggests that most of them retire without any financial security. The objective of this paper is to discuss the retirement options for nurses. Retirement Options Generally, nurses don’t look forward to the retirement options as much as their male counterparts from other professions, and the prime reason for this tendency is that nurses are females who hardly take any initiatives for investments. The second reason is that they have scientific background and have no interest for financial management since they are overworked and get so tired that they procrastinate any decision of financial planning or retirement management (Goldberg, 2002). Like other professionals, nurses should also plan their financial security and retirement just from the beginning of their career. They can take the services of financial consultants or retirement consultants for their planning. There are many options available for them. These options have both financial and social aspects and are necessary since they provide them physical or health protection in old age (Glasper, 2011). Financial aspects There are various options available for the nurses which can provide them financial security after retirement. a. Personal savings – They must save 10 to 20 percent of their monthly emoluments for their future b. Recurring Deposits – Recurring deposit of even a small amount becomes a huge sum after a long time, and it helps in old age. c. Pension Plans – Many fina ncial companies offer pension plans which can be availed by the nurses: depositing a small amount per month, they will get a corresponding return per month after they retire (Ho, 2006) d. 401 (k) - Nurses can avail retirement through employer 401 (k) programs e. Besides above mentioned plans, there are many others which can benefit them after retirement; such plans include Govt savings, such as RRSP, IRS, Roth IRA, simple IRA, etc. (Goldberg, 2002) Social aspects Nurses must not forget about the social aspects of their retirement plans. Since they have been committed to their profession, they might have not fulfilled their social commitments properly, and after retirements the society would have more expectations from them (Friis et al., 2007). a. Friends and family – Due to overwork and commitment to their nurses might not have given adequate time to their families and friends, and after retirement their expectations would be high - the nurses can meet them if they have plan ned their retirement properly (Friedrich et al., 2011) b. Community involvement through volunteering – They also need to plan their retirement adequately if they wish to be involved in community programs through volunteering (Dziadekwich, Andrushko & Klassen, 2012). c. Personal pursuits such as travel, continued education, etc. – Many nurses wish to continue their education after retirement, or go on a long vacation or tour, or prefer to visit places. These personal pursuits can only be achieved if their retirement is properly

United Parcel Service Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

United Parcel Service - Term Paper Example It is however, critical to note that the market trends may be more volatile in future to continue to offer unprecedented services. Changing consumer preferences, new technology etc can have a significant influence over the way business may perform in future. The very nature of the industry indicates that it is dominated by very few but large players which control much of the market however; smaller companies operate too to offer low cost solutions. Though the industry is having higher government regulations because of checks and balances however, the overall competition is still concentrated. Due to lack of larger players in other countries, UPS, FedEx and DHL are the major global players in this industry. This report will provide a strategic review of UPS and will also make a comparison of its activities with other players in other countries. More specifically, this report will offer an strategic insight into different factors associated with UPS. Nature of the Product or Service As discussed above, UPS offers parcel delivery service however, over the period of time, it has been able to diversify its product ranges and is now offering a comprehensive package of logistic and supply chain services along with its basic primary service of package delivery. The overall range of services now not only includes general logistics solutions but it now offers very specific and niche market services to hospitality industry also. (Niemann, 2007) It is important to note that technology plays an important role in offering these products and services. Integrated tracking services for parcels are now an important part of the overall product life cycle of the product. It is important to note that alternative or substitute products have been in the market due to technological advancements. Earlier technologies such as fax machines have reduced the need for sending documents especially through courier services. Introduction of email has further reduced the need for sending physical documents. However, the need for other logistics and supply chain services exists but these services are not typically offered to the general consumers and are mostly B2B. It is also important to note that these services are highly price elastic in nature as presence of other players in the market more specifically makes the price competition more sensitive to the changes. Mushrooming of smaller players in the market specially those service small er localities and communities also tend to add more to the competition and resultantly prices remain low and more sensitive to the changes across the whole market. In other countries, similar firms are mostly concentrated into the one segment of the business i.e. parcel delivery and are into the supply chain management services for the local or international firms. Market Trends One of the key parameters of consumer behavior for UPS is the seamless integration of technology with parcel and package delivery services. Consumers prefer to have their goods and packages reach at the right destination, in right time and also require real time tracking of their shipments. E-commerce and technology therefore are the biggest drivers of change in the consumer behavior in this industry. (Strategic Direction, 2003) There has been a continuous growth for the B2C market in what is called free shipping services especially in US. UPS along with other players, in order to attract online customers, c ontinue to offer free shipping ser

Current issues in dissability studies activity 6 Essay

Current issues in dissability studies activity 6 - Essay Example uests for help has often result in increased parental stress due to the fact that their needs and their children’s needs may not always be in agreement with professionals about what constitutes actions that are helpful (Prezant, & Marshak 2006). A number of disability-related literature proposed that problems with the provision or absence of help are often reported by respondents in these categories. For example, a study of 120 parents conducted by Prezant, & Marshak (2006) that narrated the parents’ actual experiences over the kind of help that they got from their collaboration with professionals suggest that not all the help they got from these professionals are perceived as truly appropriate. Parents reported that although some are perceived as helpful collaboration, still they desire a relationship with professionals that focus on respect, collaboration, communication, and information-sharing. Relate any experiences that you may have had in working with people/families from a different cultural background from your own. What did these experiences teach you, or if you have had no such experiences yet, what are your thoughts on working with families from diverse cultural backgrounds? Post your thoughts on FLO. There are quite a number of experiences that I can relate to based on the readings. Teaching children with autism in Saudi Arabia has been quite an experience such that the cultural background and approaches differ from that of my strategies and their expectations. It has been quite a challenge at first since in order to help the children, I also have to make the parents understand why such action or strategy is important because sometimes, it contradicts with what they believe. The challenge mainly was that sometimes, the consistency of the strategies applied for children with autism ends in school as the parents have different views and approaches very unique to their culture. But despite of this, I find parents in Saudi Arabia cooperative in

Pennsylvania Drunk Driving Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pennsylvania Drunk Driving Laws - Essay Example With the passage of Senate Bill 8 and the signature of the governor, Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses) 75 Pa. CS [3802] became the new law for Driving under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs in Pennsylvania. The new law made sweeping changes to many aspects of this statute. Most notably, the limit for conviction for DUI was lowered from .10 to .08 percent blood alcohol content (BAC) which brought Pennsylvania in line with the guidelines established by the federal government. Another sweeping reform to the new law is found in its three tier system. For the first time there are variant levels enforcement based on the drivers BAC. These tiers are: .08 to less than .10; .10 to less than .16; and .16 and above (Madigan et al., 2003, screen 1). The varying tiers have increasing penalties for both repeat and first time offenders. All people arrested now with a BAC of .16 or greater regardless of whether a first offender or a repeat offend will be required to undergo a full drug and alcohol abuse assessment with no exceptions. If they are found to be dependent, in addition to other sanctions imposed, the court can order them to undergo an approved drug and/or alcohol treatment program. Additionally, as BAC level rise and/or the person are a repeat offender, the fines imposed are increased dramatically. Another change with the new legislation is the requirement for repeat offenders to have an ignition interlock system installed in their vehicle when they are eligible for a return of their license. The cost of installation rests with the offender. This type of system requires the driver to breathe into a tube which is, in effect, a breathalyzer, if alcohol is detected the system will not allow the car ignition to engage. This ignition interlock system is required to be maintained within the vehicle for one year upon receipt of their provisional driving privilege reinstatement. If a defendant is eligible for reinstatement of his driving privileges but does not have the locking system installed his driving suspension then remains in affect for an additional year (the period of time required to have the interlock system) (Madigan et al., 2003, screen 1). A brief synopsis of the various tiers and penalties is provided. A tier one offense for a first time offender where there was no personal injury or property damage. The penalties are: $300 fine, no license suspension, up to six months probation and attend

United States Deficit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States Deficit - Essay Example of the Federal Reserve, 6 % of State and Local Government, domestic and private investors 32% and the major portion of was the international investor who offered 46 %. These are the four most important places where U.S was able to borrow money from. The international investors like BP, DaimlerChrysler, ING group which are located in different countries like U.K and Netherlands provided the U.S with a major portion of the credit. Once this money is borrowed, both parties have to come into an agreement on how the interest will be paid. Once the U.S has borrowed money, they will pay the interest rates depending on each countries agreement with the U.S government. They can also exchange privileges. This means that that the U.S government can give an investor the opportunity to be able to switch from one mutual fund to another with the family without paying sales charges. Credit rating is a method used to evaluate the credit worthiness if a debtor and this can be a business or a government. This is done by a credit rating agency like Moody’s, Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poor. . The credit rating of a government like U.S is a financial indicator to potential investors of securities like bonds. The Credit rating agency Standard and Poor (S&P) downgraded its credit rating of the U.S federal government from AAA (outstanding) to AA+( excellent) by the third quarter of the year 2011. This seems not to be good news to the U.S as international implication of public deficit will lead to higher current accounts deficit, it will also increase the risk of capital flight this affecting the image of the country. This will make international investors to shy away from investing in this country. The current account is a component of the balance of payment while the other being capital account. The current account balance measures the nature of a country’s foreign trade. The capital account determines how international capital flows and investment are recorded in the capital

Strategic Purchasing Essay Example for Free

Strategic Purchasing Essay Sustainable business growth and practices are taking a forward leap in to the globe. Almost every business now is planning to have a value chain through out their business. Strategic Purchasing is the key element to a sustainable growth of the business along the competitive edge. This study shows the importance of the Kraljic portfolio model that is to be put in to the actual usage, which would yield benefits of purchasing sophistication in terms of positioning and professionalism. Results showed that both positioning and professionalism are positively related to the greater usage of the model. Based on the analysis of a Dutch chemical company, the immense use of the portfolio model has been described and explored in strategic purchasing. The results have proved that when the model is tailored and elaborated it brings about an effective guidance in purchasing and supplier strategies. The case study also lists out the supplier strategies that are feasible. Thus it supports the fact by using the kraljic model that purchasing function does play a vital role and enable organizations to gain competitive advantage The Initial objective of strategic purchasing to procure materials amp; equipment’s, from the right origin, with the right quantity and of the right quality, through right time and cost (peter 1993). Strategic purchasing does play a vital role in an organization. To have a successful business venture purchasing has to be the core element responsible for a product’s quality, acceptability, price and reliability. Procurement system solely depends on the choice of suppliers, to ensure the delivery under any circumstances (John, Marton 2006). In few cases, DSM is locked in the partnering relationship due to necessity, might be cause of situations like monopolistic market. The only solution to this would be finding alternative suppliers through proper new development of suppliers. This solution will not be obtainable when the scenario is due to patents, another situation would be when the supplier does not want to involve really in co – development (Van Weele 2006). There is more likely for the partnership to change into the indolent and chances of being more relaxed in the relationship. Strategic partners should always be a supplier of world class. World-class suppliers are high performing, alert at all times and technically sound through sense of economy. This clearly depicts that strategic patterns will meet the benchmark externally with more satisfactory performance of price (Van Weele 2006). Decomplexing strategy and supplier development (2) must be pursed when the situation turns vice versa, that is when the partnerships show under achieving performance or patterns. Less complexity products when made, leads to alternative solutions within reach. Effectively, DSM wants itself always to be less dependent on non dependable and under achieving suppliers (Van Weele 2006). Importance of kraljic portfolio model is clearly understood when it is actually put into use and customizing of the same would enhance the solving capability of the strategic issues that are at hand. The portfolio model provides guidelines for a better supplier and purchasing strategies. This case study clearly suggests us the importance of placing commodities at different quadrants of the matrix to help in development of the purchasing strategies (Van Weele 2006).

Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura: Analysis

Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura: Analysis Child development and welfare Gemma Smith An experiment was conducted to explore the social learning theory of Albert Bandura. The experiment involved small children that were exposed to different forms of aggression and violence to study if the behaviour modelled by an adult would then be reflected upon the child. The experiment provided a range of results that supported the hypothesis and some results that were unexpected. The experiment was effective for the purpose and the settings with the controls provided an ideal environment. Albert bandura was a behaviourist who performed an experiment on children who had been exposed to different behavioural conditions. Bandura’s theory states Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling:from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Social learning theory, 2013). Bandura believed that the behaviour of children could be shaped by either classical conditioning or through operant conditioning (The distance learning centre, 2013, pg. 8). Operant conditioning was brought about by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, more commonly known as B.F. Skinner, along with his theory that he believed the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences (Simply psychology, 2014). To study this theory Skinner performed experiments on animals (You tube, March 2007). He placed pigeons in individual boxes; kept the birds at three quarter of their normal weight to ensure they would be hungry then used food as a reward for their behaviour (You tube, March 2007). He used his controlled conditions to isolate the first type of behaviour where the pigeon would peck at a red disc to then be rewarded with food (YouTube, March 2007). The pigeon’s behaviour has now been shaped through operant conditioning to receive food through reinforcement after the desired response has been performed (Boundless, nd). This type of conditioning be it positive or by the removal of punishment can be applied to the behaviour of children (Boundless, nd). A child that receives a reward for picking up the toys in their room for example will do this to receive the prize (Boundless, nd). Or a child’s behaviour could be altered by negative reinforcement such as a child’s favourite teddy or doll being confiscated if they did not perform a particular task. Therefore this demonstrates the power that reinforcement has upon the conditioning and the after affect being the repetition of the actions once the child has been rewarded (Boundless, nd). Reinforcement could easily have the opposite affect if the correct wording is not used and if there is not a clear explanation to follow (education.com, 2014). Then the effectiveness of the behavioural moulding is not as good as it could be. However if the parents are to use responsive language it demonstrates verbal guidance that is respectful to children by clarifying the rules and responsibilities, therefore giving the parents power (education.com, 2014). Although this may prove to be effective it raises some ethical issues. A parent could be considered as using positive reinforcement to manipulate the child (az central, 2014). This manipulation could be used to benefit the parent whilst placing the child in the middle (Parent alienation support, 2010). If a child were to provide reports to their main carer about the other parent to receive a reward this would be classed as manipulation and raise the point of it being unethical (Parent alienation support, 2010). When negative reinforcement is instilled the desired outcome is the same but the procedure is different (behavioural consulting, 2013). Instead of encouragement to promote more good behaviour something negative would be removed to motivate the child to respond (behavioural consulting, 2013). This can also prove to be effective if it is not used to an excessive amount or the psychological affect can damage the child’s self-esteem (global post, 2014). The damage can cause the child to become withdrawn or unwilling to try therefore giving their parents the ability to make them feel poorly about themselves (global post, 2014). Punishment is another form of reinforcement that can be used positively or negatively (behavioural consulting, 2013). Both can be used effectively if they are performed consistently (about.com, 2014). Skinner believed that this type of punishment would only be temporary and perhaps this is occurs because there is not an explanation to accompany the punishment (about.com, 2014). Punishment could also raise concerns later in life for a child whom is smacked for example; they may become aggressive or their behaviour could worsen into antisocial behaviour (about.com, 2014). Conditioning has been used before Bandura by John B. Watson and Rosalie Raynor (1920) in an experiment called little Albert (about.com, 2014). They experimented to see how phobias are the consequence of learnt behaviour (Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins, pg. 133). Banduras theory follows with the social learning theory (1973) being that violent behaviour is learnt by observing and copying another performing this (Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins, pg. 134). When Bandura performed the bobo doll experiment he set out to find if modelling influenced the behaviour of young children (youtube, May 2011). Watson and Raynor had the starting point and basis for Banduras theory to become more effective because people are social beings that may observe to learn (youtube, 2011). During the time of Banduras experiment the widespread view was that watching violence reduces aggression however Bandura wanted to prove that a child who watched an adult be violent towards the Bobo doll would then copy the behaviour not reduce it and that is what happened (youtube, May 2011). Modelling on a child could not only achieve what Bandura did but it could cause damage to the child (about.com, 2014). As observational learning has a great effect on what children learn as acceptable behaviour and for a child this shapes their personality (about.com, 2014). On the other hand John Bowlby (1907-1990) studied the attachment behaviour and believed that behaviours are instinctive (simply psychology, 2007). He said the behaviour becomes activated by any conditions that seem to threaten proximity (simply psychology, 2007). A study to investigate whether children learn from observing a model exhibiting aggressive behaviour to a Bobo doll. If violent and aggressive behaviour is modelled to a child then the significant outcome from the child will be aggressive. Whilst the child observes the adult being aggressive or violent to the doll they may not repeat the action and act the opposite with the doll. There is no significant difference between condition 1 (child praised) and condition 2 (child punished) when acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll. An experiment will be carried out using controlled conditions and variables to prove that aggressive behaviour can be modelled to a child, which they will then copy. The study will be an experimental and independent subject design. The independent variable would be the amount of children exposed to the aggressive and non-aggressive behaviour (simply psychology, 2011). The dependent variable is the measure of aggressive behaviour. The participants included seventy two children and two adult’s one of each gender. The children were separated evenly into three groups. In one half of the first two groups there were six boys and six girls with a female and in the second half there were six boys and six girls (simply psychology, 2011). The third group did not contain a model. The children ranged in age from three to six years old (simply psychology, 2011). The experiment contains many children of a range of ages so as to provide a varied amount of results. The apparatus needed for the experiment will be the videos of the children and model, a tick sheet to mark down the aggressive and non-aggressive acts. A stopwatch to be certain each observational study takes the same amount of time. Inferential statistics Using novel objects to hit the bobo doll 28/12= 2.3 35.5/12=2.95 F 2.95 Playing without showing aggressive actions 35/12=2.9 6.8/12=0.56 0.56 2.95/0.56= 5.26 The degrees of freedom for numerator are 15 and the degrees of freedom for dominator are 6. This makes my test two tailed therefore giving it a two directional outcome when looking at the results. This result does reflect the hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis but not the null hypothesis. The hypothesis and alternate hypothesis provides two directions to which the result can travel. The null hypothesis however is very specific to generalising that both of the conditions will not provide different results. Using the variance test provides information on two groups and as my results involved this test seemed appropriate to use. The experiment has clearly proven that children do learn from observation and can show just how much behaviour can be modelled to a child. A child’s way of thinking has been uncovered in this experiment when the results are explored. This is reflected when looking at the age range of the children and their results. In the Praised section of the table the ratings are all between three and four but as soon as the children are being punished for their behaviour the numbers dramatically drop and begin to range from zero to two. Although the results for non-aggressive behaviour under praise were surprisingly low whilst the punishment was high from three up to six on the scale. The controls that were put into place were effective and not in a way to be misleading to the child. For instance there was a kitchen set, a ball or two, a gun and a mallet. Even though the children used these for their own weapons these ideas were not modelled by the adult. The experiment could be described as ethical and unethical. Ethical because modelling behaviour is a way to teach children the difference between what is acceptable and what is not. On the other hand it is not ethical do use a blow up doll to demonstrate a child causing pain to it just because they have been shown to do so. How does it prove that the same child would repeat the actions months later on the Bobo doll and if that child does this because they remember it or their behaviour has changed. If the experiment were to be carried out again the Bobo doll would not be used another way of demonstrating behavioural changes should be used to vary the results. The results cannot be generalised to the whole public in every aspect but perhaps the ideas could be. The experiment is not generalised enough from the beginning the children were tested to see how aggressive they were to start with and with everyone being different the results would be inaccurate. The theory of social learning has some value in terms of associ ating many children to this type of learning from a very young age. The research could be expanded to deeper exploration in to the brain and what triggers are common in already aggressive people to what the triggers are for those whom are not aggressive my nature against the impartial people. The results for this can link the behaviourism to many types of crime, antisocial behaviour and even domestic violence. In conclusion the experiment to find out if modelling aggressive and violent behaviour would influence a child to observe and copy seems to have been proven a success. Albert Bandura’s theory can be applied to so many different aspects to behaviour and he chose one of the most interesting areas. The results have shown what power adults can have over their children and that reinforcement is not something to be taken lightly but supports the social learning theory. Conducting an experiment with small children was a good place to start because of their innocence and little or lack of knowledge of morals. Word count: 2063 References http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-learning.html Social learning theory 2013 http://www.distancelearningcentre.com/access/assessments/cdw/dip_cdw_child_rearing_assess.pdf bandura 2013 http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html skinner 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Skinner March 2007 https://www.boundless.com/business/motivation-theories-and-applications/modern-views-on-motivation/reinforcement-theory/ Reinforcement theory nd http://www.education.com/reference/article/positive-guidance-techniques/ positive reinforcement 2014 http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/ethical-consideration-negative-positive-reinforcement-27520.html ethics and reinforcement 2014 http://parentalalienationsupport.com/2010/09/09/methods-of-emotional-manipulation-understanding-parental-alienation-using-behaviorism/ ethics and reinforcement 2010 http://bcotb.com/the-difference-between-positivenegative-reinforcement-and-positivenegative-punishment/ negative reinforceme nt 2013 http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/effects-negative-reinforcements-selfesteem-14366.html negative reinforcement self-esteem 2014 http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/punishment.htm punishment 2014 http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm Watson and Raynor 2014 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8 albert bandura may, 2011 http://psychology.about.com/od/early-child-development/a/experience-and-development.htm experience and development 2014 http://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html Bowlby 2007 http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html bandura Bobo doll 2011 Book Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins

Bush Essay -- essays research papers

George Bush is not content with the United States being the top dog. His snarling at one international accord after another besmirches the United States and makes the world a more dangerous place. When Bush nixed at the ABM treaty, the comprehensive test ban treaty, the biological weapons protocol, and the small-arms convention, he sent an unmistakable signal that the United States doesn't care about arms control. This will only encourage other nations to bolster their own arsenals, and the arms race will accelerate on every track. And when Bush led the United States out of the Kyoto accord on global warming, he turned Washington into a laughingstock, with 178 nations on one side and the United States on the other. By not requiring U.S. companies, which produce a huge chunk of the world's carbon dioxide, to curb their emissions, Bush showed a reckless disregard for the environmental health of the planet. Like many know-nothings, Bush believes the United States is better than any other country. They're foreigners; what do they know? So what if 178 nations disagree with us? We've got the Holy Grail. We're so different from all these other nations that our interests can't possibly coincide with theirs. After returning from Europe on his first trip, he bragged to Peggy Noonan, his dad's speechwriter, that he stood down more than twenty leaders (no matter they were our allies) so he could stand up for America. Bush also has Kissinger's phobia: the morbid fear that other countries will drag U.S. soldiers or statesmen to The Hague or elsewhere for prosecution. Belgium is already trying to get its hands on Kissinger, and Bush wants to make sure that Americans elude any court outside our borders. The one job Bush takes seriously is that of chief executive of the corporate class. Boeing, Lockheed, and Philip Morris want to be able ply their wares without interference from any international body, so Bush undercuts those bodies at every opportunity. The World Health Organization, for instance, is trying to get countries to sign on to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which would, among other things, limit advertising, raise cigarette taxes, eliminate subsidies, and consider the possibility of expanding the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice so that tobacco companies could be tried for crimes against humanity. Tobacco killed four million p... ...to boycott the Kyoto protocol could cost U.S. companies business in the area of environmental technology." So even if Bush's ultimate objective is to boost the bottom line of U.S. corporations, he may be going about it the wrong way. Note that I haven't even mentioned the appointment of extremists like John Ashcroft and Theodore Olson, who will be advising Bush about whom to appoint to the federal bench; or Gale Norton, the James Watt protà ©gà ©e now heading the Interior Department, who believes polluters should be trusted to be self-policing; or Andrew Card, the automobile industry's chief lobbyist, now Chief of Staff; or Michael Powell, the new head of the FCC, who has no interest in moderating media mergers. And I haven't said a word about so-called social issues. We should not be surprised by the predatory nature of U.S. foreign policy. Until the U.S. government and until the American people get over their superiority complex, until they understand that United States and most other nations have common interests that transcend borders and jingos, that cooperation not domination is the way of the future, the foreign policy of the United States will have a familiar snarl.

Ants, Little But Mighty :: essays research papers

Ants, Little but Mighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legs and each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong. With it’s little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own body weight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its food, and the second holds food to be shared with other ants. The out side of their body is covered with a hard armor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have four growing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. There are over 100,000 known species of ants. Each ant colony has at least one or more queens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start her colony? Well in the spring all the males and young winged queens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate. The few ant queens that survive this â€Å"marriage flight† cast off there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot to start a new ant colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off the entrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch are eaten by the queen for nourishment. When the surviving eggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks each larva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a few more weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to hunt for food and make the nest bigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More workers will develop and the colony gets very organized. The new workers will completely take over as caretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Now the queens only duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of them in her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help to enlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels and chambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the colony becomes well established, the queen begins to lay some eggs that develop into queens and males. It takes a few years before a colony becomes large enough to send out winged males and young queens to start new colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropical species built a nest that extended forty feet below the surface of the ground. Another species built a nets that covered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know the best time to build a nest, that’s after it rains. The damp soil is easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an ants nest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some are used for storage of ant eggs. Ants, Little But Mighty :: essays research papers Ants, Little but Mighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legs and each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong. With it’s little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own body weight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its food, and the second holds food to be shared with other ants. The out side of their body is covered with a hard armor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have four growing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. There are over 100,000 known species of ants. Each ant colony has at least one or more queens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start her colony? Well in the spring all the males and young winged queens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate. The few ant queens that survive this â€Å"marriage flight† cast off there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot to start a new ant colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off the entrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch are eaten by the queen for nourishment. When the surviving eggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks each larva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a few more weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to hunt for food and make the nest bigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More workers will develop and the colony gets very organized. The new workers will completely take over as caretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Now the queens only duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of them in her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help to enlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels and chambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the colony becomes well established, the queen begins to lay some eggs that develop into queens and males. It takes a few years before a colony becomes large enough to send out winged males and young queens to start new colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropical species built a nest that extended forty feet below the surface of the ground. Another species built a nets that covered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know the best time to build a nest, that’s after it rains. The damp soil is easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an ants nest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some are used for storage of ant eggs.

Comparing Weight Loss Diets and Energy Supply Essay -- Health Nutritio

Comparing Weight Loss Diets and Energy Supply Ironically, for a country where the majority of its population is considered obese by its own standards, dieting is more popular than ever in the United States. With the heightened popularity of dieting in American culture, it’s no surprise that a plethora of commercially endorsed weight-loss diets exist, however the effectiveness of these diets vary. Despite the large amount of existing weight-loss diets, a substantial amount of popular diets emphasize either limiting the consumption of saturated fat or carbohydrates1 in order to lose weight. The effectiveness of a diet can be judged in its ability to encourage weight-loss and keep the weight off—longevity is a key issue. With respect to longevity, energy transformation from food to biological energy is significantly important in how painless a diet can be. Let’s face it, it’s not at all desirable (let alone comfortable) to proceed through the day with low blood sugar, having hunger. We human s are lazy creatures and have a low threshold for discomfort; the easier it is to conform to the eating restrictions of a diet, the more likely that the diet will remain in use (given that the diet is effective). Low-fat weight-loss diets are superior to low-carbohydrate diets because they provide a sustained energy supply in a manor that’s flexible enough to adapt to almost any lifestyle. In comparing weight-loss diets, the matter is fairly complex so it’s important to take consideration of the components associated with a weight-loss diet. Glycemic responses are a critical part in assessing a weight-loss diet’s efficiency and these response trends differ substantially between low-fat diets and low-... ...cally flawed because these diets deprive the body of the principal energy source that is used for even the most basic operations. Sure, low-carbohydrate diets are effective in weight-loss but so is anorexia. Just because low-carbohydrate diets are effective in the short-run, doesn’t mean the diet is healthy. In terms of energy sustainability, low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets are practically opposites in nature. This difference has substantial significance in that it indirectly implies that consuming low-carbohydrate foods is a regimented diet and eating foods low in fat is a healthy lifestyle. 1 Carbohydrates are a food group heavily present in grains; they are the primary storage form of glucose. 2 Fat also stores biological energy but it’s primarily for reserve purposes and is only utilized during times of strenuous activity or in dire circumstances.

Absenteeism 3

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Background of the Study A child or student’s interest is the most basic element that makes a group learning system work in an organize way. From the head to the base members of this organization, the condition of one may affect the others. This kind of educational system is comparable to a series light connection where in the state of one greatly affects the others. Population and the percentage within that population which causes negative feedbacks can be the primary reason of a poor product. The group or classroom type of organized way of learning has given that impact to the community being the commonly used system. Its effectiveness has been proven and has never been out of fashion. The relationship between the student’s physical presence on class discussions and their learning performance are greatly relative. Class participation is just one way of measuring a child’s learning ability. In a class, the teacher-student relationship is one of the most fundamental units in student’s learning. Learning in a system of group collaboration is one of the best ways in gaining knowledge. It is a teamwork which the framework relies on an individual learning from the others and others learning from that individual. When a student misses a day of school he/she must have lost the chance to hear others, interpret and analyzing the lessons or joins the interaction within the class. This lost is being rooted to two different courses and varying factors under these courses. The inquiry might be a family situation or an individual problem. Then, under these courses are the factors that contribute to a child’s regular truancy. These may be finance concerns, disability, psychotic imbalance, poor school climate, family health, transportation problems, drug and alcohol use, and differing community attitude towards education (Savers, D. etal,2005). Absenteeism in one angle view point is one of the most common causes of degrading performances of the students. Especially to those who are included in the advance intelligence curriculum, absenteeism causes a great lose and may result to giving up an aimed position. It can also cause social repletion especially when a class is composed of a great number of students. This habit can cause a dilemma to the school administration when big figures are involve and may decrease the school’s performance. On the other hand, contamination of sickness and disease can be avoidable because of the absences of a person (Marbuger, D. , 2001) A student’s attendance may be the grounds of the results of his or her learning performance. School administration and faculty may also affect the absenteeism rate of their student, and so as the population of those who practice absenteeism affect the administration and the school itself. There are so many fruits that the root of absenteeism can produce depending to the situation of the respondent. Hence, this research will be conducted. Review of Related Literature There are a lot of factors which affect the student performances in academic areas. One of these is absenteeism. Absenteeism is defined to the students as a deliberate or habitual absence from going to school. Everybody misses a day of school activities and school lessons now and then. But it is a problem if the students will absent to many days in going to school, this will cause serious problems (http://www. enterpreneur. com/encyclopedia/term/82042. html). Absenteeism in students affects their school performances especially when they are in a group or teamwork for their assignments and projects. Since grouping will help develops the students’ cooperative and ability to share and gain knowledge from their group mates, likewise, the group mates will also miss the opportunity of gaining knowledge from the absent student (Koppenhaver, 2003). According to Schmidt in 1983, absenteeism affects the students’ ability to get high scores in examinations which can cause the decreasing of grades or the student may fail and will cause him/her to repeat the same year level. Students who have spent time attending lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on students’ performance. Students that participated exhibited higher grades and scores in examinations that the student. Marburger states that the difficulty inferring the effect of absenteeism on erformance because, once a student is absent in a class, he or she may miss the opportunity of learning other techniques. He found out that missing in class progresses the likelihood of missing examination material covered that day compared to the students who were present in the class (2001). It indicates that persistent absentees at an inner-city school in South Wales had significantly lower self concept self-esteem, more deprived socioeconomic backgrounds, l ower intelligence level, and more educational problems to control groups. Suggest that remedial measures for absenteeism should focus on raising self-concepts and changing attitudes toward school (Reid k, 1982). Absenteeism is the most significant factor to affect the functioning of assembly lines in the development of School Administration. Those high levels of absenteeism have negative repression colleagues’ effect to the production of quality levels of well trained students because of work specialization. The analysis of hundred absentees reveals hundred of instances of negative effect of building well discipline students for the future. In contrast to the empirical evidence it confirms that absenteeism produce higher level of problems, that value specialization among student has been significant reduced in the students’ achievements (Mateo R, 1998). Students’ contracts influence teacher attendance from the classroom. The teachers’ attendance has a positive and negative effect on interested students achieve. How students absences influences their teachers’-students’ relationship. Teacher and student absenteeism affect the student test score performance base on extensive data collection effect, conducted by authors. It presents an economic analysis using data from over 700 school district in New York State 1986-1987. It includes that provisions plays a big rule like (the number of unused leave day by teacher will accumulate and â€Å"cash in† at retirement may simultaneously bathetic in teachers and student (Pitkoff, 19903). Teachers who maid and received low performance making tend to miss a larger number of days than those who did not. Teachers with marks do not feel a connection to the workplace and believe they are ineffective in the classroom. This gives an impetus for school administration to develop teachers’ growth plan early in the academic years for low performing teachers than the later in year (Pitkoff, 1993). To prevent and correct serious attendance problems, schools need to change the way they structured improves the quality of the courses and intensity interpersonal relationship between teachers and students (Epstein and Sheldon, 2002). School refusal behavior is a term synonymously used with absenteeism. Classifications of this are the following manifestation: social phobia, school phobia, anxiety and/or depression and truancy (Daleidan et. l, 1999). Of all these manifestations, truancy is one that presents a diversity of issues of interest to school personnel while the others need medical or counseling interventions (Williams, 1998) The organizational structures and culture of a school setting contributes to how students experience the system. School characteristics and culture can influence student abs enteeism (Epstein and Sheldon, 2002). Perhaps organizational school structures endorse reward particular peer groups while ignoring the others. If so, peer identity becomes relevant in schools as the values, attitudes and beliefs held within the peer groups predispose those in the group to endorse or reject the mission of schools. Haris(1996) claims that peer groups are more powerful than parents in changing the values of an individual. The teenagers class themselves out into peer groups varying in their attitudes towards intellectual achievement and can even find anti-intellectual groups in middle class neighborhoods and if this is the case, the choice of peer group could have an effect upon the academic outcome of a student thus, causing absenteeism (Hartnett, 2008). The curriculum of schools and strength of approval against the habitual absenteeism are also cited as contributing causes to the problem. It was cited by some students as a reason for non-attendance the lack of challenging and interesting course work and curriculum (Kilpatric, et. al, 1999). Students also cited that negative self-image and low self-esteem are reasons for absenteeism. The negative self-images are sometimes resulting of labeling and tracking within the school system (Lotz and Lee, 1999). According to Lotz and Lee that mostly of the adolescents today receive less supervision than in the past (1999). The contributing factors to chronic absenteeism involve parental and school-based responsibility. In many cases, parents actually condone the absence by ignoring excuses when no valid reason from school (Kilpatrick, et. al, 1996). A study presents by Unger,Morton and Laing (1997) presents the argument that students who participate in cooperative experiences, even the cause for this occurrence is not conclusive. Students who already exhibit absenteeism might be interesting to the programs that primarily caused the students to leave school thus more day of non-attendance. Students might disassociate themselves more from the school setting since they are experiencing the world of work. They may have access to their own transportation and find easier to be absent. This view regarding length of the school day, implementations of Blocks Scheduling with few and longer periods when compared to a seven period day with shorter periods appear to reduce absenteeism. Thus school systems implement the six or seven period day of a higher rate experiencing absenteeism (Khazzaka, 1997/1998). Birman and Natriello (1978) categorized in possible explanations for absenteeism into three categories. The most common were the students’ lack of adequate socialization and ignorance of appropriate behavior. The second group of explanations, the school-level group, was primarily concerned with peer pressure and school organizational patterns and their adverse effects. The authors labeled the third group societal-level explanations. These included changing social mores and community values. According to Louie F. Rodriguez and Gilberto Q. Conchas, â€Å"this case study explores how a community-based truancy prevention program mediates against absenteeism, truancy, and dropping out and positively transforms the lives of Black and Latina/Latino middle school youth. Findings suggest that community-school partnerships are critical in the quest to combat truancy and the alarming dropout rate among urban youth. This study also shows how committed individuals can work to engage and empower low-income urban youth who are disengaged from school. Extensive interviews and observations with Latina/Latino and Black youth demonstrate how the intervention program mediates against social and academic failure. Using grounded theory, this article explores four student-identified dimensions that impact his/her (re)engagement with school: (a) the importance of space that promotes peer relations, (b) incentive structures within programs, (c) the need for social networks, and (d) youth advocacy as a mechanism for institutional accountability. Implications for combating truancy, reducing dropout, and promoting student engagement are discussed. Reprinted by permission of the publisher†(2009). â€Å"A case study involving an ethnographic assessment of adult English as a second language program at a community center in southern Minnesota is outlined. Findings revealed that additional curricular structure and more effective communication between teachers and students regarding content and outcomes were keys to reducing absenteeism and those more attentive, respectful estimations of students' abilities would ensure effective communication and help students develop a sense of ownership in their learning† according to the study of Susan L. Schalge and Kay Soga (2008). According to the study of Dube, Shanta R and Orpinas, Pamela, they investigated the negative and positive behavioral reinforcement profiles of behavior related to excessive absenteeism. â€Å"Negative reinforcement involves avoidance, and positive reinforcement involves gaining parental attention or getting tangible benefits from not attending. Data on school refusal behavior were obtained from 99 upper-elementary and middle school students referred for attendance problems. Three profiles were identified: 17. 2 percent of participants attributed absenteeism to both positive and negative reinforcement; 60. percent attributed absenteeism only to positive reinforcement; and 22. 2 percent had no profile. Findings revealed that the three groups differed considerably in mean scores for behavioral difficulties: participants from the multiple profile groups had the highest level of behavioral problems, while participants from the no-profile group had the lowest. †(2009). The British J ournal of Educational Psychology states â€Å"lack of adjustment or school failure is a concern to educators, educational and school psychologists as well as parents, but few studies have focused on school adjustment during late adolescence. Moreover, studies have yet to explore associations between parenting and school adjustment among upper secondary school students. Aim the primary objective of this study is to explore the relative and unique influence of parental support, behavioral control and psychological control (overprotection and autonomy granting) in school adjustment among upper secondary school students. The sample consisted of 564 students (15-18 years of age) in vocational and general educational courses from one upper secondary school in western Norway. The results showed that perceived parental practices accounted for moderate, but statistically significant amounts of variance in different aspects of school adjustment. The findings indicate that perceived parental socialization practices are only moderately associated with school adjustment among upper secondary school students. This probably reflects the fact that the influence of specific parenting practices declines as children and young adolescents mature into late adolescent students†(2009). The study of M. Scott Norton about the ABSENTEEISM AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT in the year of 2009 â€Å"the rate of teacher absenteeism has been found to be highest in elementary schools, schools with lower student achievement, schools composed of economically disadvantaged and minority students, and schools that do not require teachers to speak to their immediate supervisor about pending absence, urban school districts †¦ and districts with enrollments in excess of 257,000. (Pitkoff, p. 39). In schools where students are poorest and failing the most academically, teachers tend to be absent more often. In one study, the percentage of students reading below grade level was found to be the greatest predictor of school employee absenteeism, followed by the percentage of students eligible to receive free lunch (Pitkoff, 1993). Studies relating the direct effects of teacher absenteeism on student achievement are limited and tend to differ in their findings. For example, in a study that focused on fourth-grade reading results, it was determined that teacher absenteeism adversely affected student achievement (Summers & Raivetz, 1982). O'Brien and others (1982) also found negative impacts of teacher absenteeism on student learning. Yet, Ziomek and Schoenberger (1983) were unable to establish such an association. Studies by Madden and others (1991) and by Ehrenberg and others (1991) also did not support the contention that student academic performance was associated with teacher absence. In view of Pitkoff's (1993) finding that school employees rated as unsatisfatory tend to be absent significantly more days than those rated satisfactory, a reasonable conclusion might be that the absence of a â€Å"poor† teacher does not impact negatively on student learning†. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework The student body is the greatest contributor to the success or the ground falling of the school. An individual who have habitually made absences in class may have lost the chance of learning. He or she might have less chances of getting an aimed position. The school who plays an important role to a child’s motivation has known the impact of absenteeism to a student and to the school performance it’s self. The chronic spread of absenteeism may have roots that affect the attendance of an individual. â€Å"A constant doing may lead to a constant result, just like Domino† (Asia Child Data Trend, 2008). Coping up is never easy, especially when there is a lot of work to be done. Some teacher’s are also considerate that slows down the run of class discussion. Absenteeism alone when a large part of the school population is involved may not only cause a problem to the school but also to the local administration (Williams, L. , 2001). The performances being recorded at the diagnostic tests or midterm exams for example will determine the schools performance. And when absences are done, it can pull down even the highest scores. That is why the results of absenteeism are to be identified as so the solutions can be formulated to materialize the aims of the school and the individuals. Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram of the Study Statement of the Problem The study aims to identify the most common effect of absenteeism to a student and the whole body as how the student and teachers specify each. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the teacher and student respondent in terms of: a. Gender b. Age c. Civil status 2. What are the common causes of absences done by the students in terms of: a. Self-Inquiry b. Family Problem 3. What are the effects of absenteeism as grouped according to: a. Students Learning Performance b. School Performance 4. Is there a significant Difference between the perception of the students and teachers on the effect of absenteeism in terms of students learning and school performance? Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the perception of the students and teachers on the effect of absenteeism in terms of students learning and school performance. Ha: There is a significant difference between the perception of the students and teachers on the effect of absenteeism in terms of students learning and school Significance of the Study In many ways, whether in a tiny scale or in a wide range scale the findings of this research will benefit the following individuals in their own respective fields: The Student. Once an individual will know the impact of his doings, he or she will find ways and means to lessen the damage done. It will let this individual know the scope of his abilities and the right way of directing things especially when he would realize the effect of his habitual absences to the school body. To those students who do not have the knowledge on this aspect, they will be given chance to think, and may join the population which influences the declining of absences ratio. The Teachers. The teachers who serve as the parent when a child is in school will be able to formulate ideas on how to reduce the number of students who skip classes or who habitually commit to absences. They will be the keys of motivation and inspiration of their students. The School Administrator. Knowing the effects of absenteeism to a student, the school administration is the one primarily affected. Their concerns can then be discussed with the student body and so as the student body sharing their troubles to the administration. Through a conference the administration might be able to arrive to solutions which can be applicable o different situations. The DepEd Authorities. The Department of Education main goal is to be able to produce productive citizens of the community. Absenteeism is one of the factors that disturb the stableness of this goal. When the results are evident, the DepEd authorities together with the different school administration may arrive to a step by step planning to kill the rodents of absenteeism. The Parent. The parents are the direct and the baseline in communication in relation to their child’s regular truancy. Knowing the impact of absenteeism to their child’s learning performance, a parent will be at the concerns of convincing their child to attend school and protect them from the primary causes of their absences. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study focuses mainly to the effects of absenteeism to a student’s learning performance and the schools performance as signified by the teachers and students. The respondents are students from Agusan National High school, Third Year Science High Curriculum and the respective teacher’s who still belongs to this scope. This will determine the impacts of absenteeism into an individual and the body where he or she belongs and to arrive to simple solutions on this eye visible dame. The personal information needed for the study is Gender, Age, and cause of absences such as self-inquiry and family problem. The effects of absenteeism o student’s learning and school performances are enumerated in determining the answers of the respondents. Definition of Terms: Absenteeism. The regular truancy of a child; The habit of having absences. Family problem. The problems of the family that greatly affects a student’s attendance to school. This includes financial support (the family can’t afford education or education is not a primary necessity), differing community attitudes towards education (The people that surrounds home and within it education is not given importance), transportation (The family might lived in a very rural community where in transportation cannot easily reach Individual learning performance. The variation on the learning of a student being monitored in different ways e. g. class interaction, test results) Science High School Students. The students belonging to a special curriculum on higher education. Taught advance learning in science and mathematics Self Inquiry. The problems of an individual or a student that affects his attendance to school. Specifically social phobia (don’t have friends), health (always sick), school culture shock (have a hard time coping up, might be that the school is too advance or too slow. , influences from outside the school gates (sees people who cuts classes, Internet and Computer games. ), Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Research Design The use of survey approach, in particular the utilization of descriptive method was observed in this research study. The use of the certain approach was to that it corresponds to the main objective of this research that is to determine the effect of absenteeism to school and ind ividual learning performances among third year Science High students of Agusan National High School as a basis for a conference dialogue. A survey questionnaire will be istributed that has four sets of questions to be answered by the students and teachers. The quantitative research techniques using Likert scale was used to rate the individual and school performance due to absenteeism. And also frequency test for the cause of it whether it is self inquiry or a family problem. Research Locale There are several High schools in Butuan City where the primary respondents of this research came from, Agusan National High School in fact is the largest high school and also has the biggest population found in this community, therefore it was chosen for the reality that it can determine the impact of absenteeism. The school grounds of this said school is found in A. D. Curato St. corner Noli Me Tangere St. Butuan City, Philippines. And as shown in the map below of Butuan is Area 52(Piepenbrock G. ,2009). The respondents of this study came from Agusan National High School, specifically those who belong to the special curriculum of the Science High School. Briefly this curriculum was established in 1994 by the administrators of the Department of Education Butuan Chapter. The students of the said curriculum are chosen especially to undergo advance learning and the teachers are also given same importance since it was built. The third year students and their teachers in different subject areas will be the respondents of this study Agusan National High School (ANHS) is one of the leading public high school in Butuan City, Philippines. It caters the educational needs of most of the population in the community. The school has produced competent graduates and many of them hold key positions in the community. [pic] Figure 2. The map of Butuan City showing area 52 as Agusan National High school The school is strategically located at the heart of the city. It accommodates almost ten thousand students. It has the biggest population in the whole region Caraga. It is manned by 270 strong and competent teachers from different fields of specialization under the supervision of the Secondary School Principal IV. The students are trained in order for them to face the future. A graduate of this school is expected to be upright in all the aspects in life. Most of all, students are trained in order to live independent life ahead and become a globally competent Filipino. Research Instrument The instruments used in the study are the following: 1. Questionnaire Form. This instrument was structured by the researchers to set up the socio-demographic profile of the student and teacher respondents. The said instrument will be used to determine the gender and age of the respondents. The evidences on the effects of absenteeism to school and individual performances and also its causes whether it would be a self inquiry or family problem were also listed in different sets. 2. Survey Questionnaire for Students and Teachers. This instrument will be used to determine the performances of the student who has frequent absences to his classes and his contribution to school performance. Data Gathering Procedure There will be 14 teachers and 89 students who will serve as the respondents of the study. They will be answering the questions on the survey questionnaire organized and distributed by the researchers. They will be the one to determine the performances of the students who engaged to habitual absences, and its cause. They will be also asked on how this absenteeism affects the school performance. When the task is duly accomplished and the questionnaires were retrieved, processed, tabulated. It will be submitted to the analysis of data. Sampling Techniques The research study made use of the purposive sampling technique. There were 36 students and 14 teachers asked to rate the students learning and school performance. Table 1. Student Population and Respondents of the Study |Sections |Population |Sample | |(Third Year Science High) | | | | |Male |Female |Total |Male |Female |Total | |III-Avogadro |9 |29 |38 |4 |5 |9 | |III-Curie |8 |26 |34 |4 |5 |9 | |III-Dalton |10 |31 |41 |4 |5 |9 | |III-Lavosier |12 |24 |36 |4 |5 |9 | |Total |39 |110 |149 |16 |20 |36 | Table 2. Teacher Population and Respondents of the Study Section |Population |Sample | |(Third Year Science High) | | | | |Male |Female |Total |Male |Female |Total | |III-Avogadro |5 |10 |15 |2 |7 |9 | |III-Curie | | | | | |III-Dalton |1 |2 |3 |0 |1 |1 | |III-Lavosier |4 |2 |6 |3 |1 |4 | |Total |10 |14 |24 |5 |9 |14 | Note: Some teachers handle the same subject in some sections and were not accounted twice. Data Analysis The researchers will hand the survey questionnaires in a manner of strict and proper distribution. The gathered data would undergo careful evaluation and analysis. For the Socio demographic profile, the researchers will make use of corresponding numerical value to present the data as follows: I. Socio Demographic Profile A. Gender Numer ical Value |Gender | |1 |Male | |2 |Female | B. Age (Student Respondent) |Numerical Value |AGE | |1 |13-16 YRS. OLD | |2 |17-20 YRS. OLD | |3 |21-24 YRS. OLD | C. Age (Teacher Respondent) Numerical Value |AGE | |1 |20-29 YRS. OLD | |2 |30-39 YRS. OLD | |3 |40-49 YRS. OLD | |4 |50-59 YRS. OLD | |5 |60-69 YRS. OLD | Civil Status for Teacher Numerical Value |Civil Status | |1 |Single | |2 |Married | |3 |Separated | |4 |Widow | The Likert scale with 5 point rating is used to describe the performance of the students as based in their regular truancy within the given 15 fields and points of learning. The said scale will also be used to determine the effect of absenteeism on the school as how its performance is being described by the respondents. II. Likert Scale |Descriptive Rating |Weight |Scale Interval | |Excellent |5 |4. 50-5. 0 | |Very Good |4 |3. 50-4. 49 | |Good |3 |2. 50-3. 46 | |Fair |2 |1. 50-2. 49 | |Poor |1 |1. 00-1. 49 | Statistical Treatment The following statistics will be used for the data analysis: 1. Mean – The mean is used to determine the general description of the effect of absenteeism to the performances of a student’s learning and school. The mean will ascertain the fields greatly affected by absenteeism as perceived by the student and the teachers. 2. Chi-square (Test of Independence)- The Chi-square test of independence was used as a treatment to this study to verify, if any, a significant difference between the perception of the teachers and students on the effect of absenteeism in terms of students learning and school performance. 3. Frequency – The frequency is used to determine the more frequent occurring rate in the different indicators. This will then identify the performing levels of the different indicators on the effect of absenteeism on student learning and school performance. 4. Standard Deviation – The standard deviation is the statistical measure that sheds light on historical volatility of the study which can give a c0omprehensive verbal description to the indicators or factors of the research study. Chapter III ANALYSIS AND RESULTS In this chapter the researchers showed the results and discussions on the results of the study. Specifically it presents the organization on the problem stated in the first chapter. Problem 1. What is the profile of the teacher and student respondent in terms of: Gender, Age, Civil status? Table 3. Respondents According to Gender GENDER |STUDENT |TEACHER | | |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |MALE |16 |44% |5 |36% | |FEMALE |20 |56% |9 |64% | |TOTAL |36 |100% |14 |100% | As shown in Table 3 majority of the student respondents are female which is composed of 2 0 individuals or the 56% of the100%. The table also shows the greater number of females of the teacher respondents which totaled 9 or 64% of the 100%. In further discussions the population of both students and teachers are composed of more female respondents with a fraction corresponding to males number of respondents. Table 4. Student Respondents According to Age |AGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |13-16 YRS. OLD |36 |100% | |17-20 YRS. OLD |0 |0% | |21-24 YRS. OLD |0 |0% | |TOTAL |36 |100% | Table 4 shows that all of the student respondents which is 36 in number belonged to the age bracket of 13-16 years old. This is then interpreted that 100% of the students belong to the Third year of High school that corresponds to the scope of the study. Table 5. Teacher Respondents According to Age |AGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |20-29 YRS. OLD |1 |7% | |30-39 YRS. OLD |5 |36% | |40-49 YRS. OLD |2 |14% | |50-59 YRS. OLD |5 |36% | |60-69 YRS. OLD |1 |7% | |TOTAL |14 |100% | In Table 5 the data shows that most of the teachers belonged to the 30-39 years old bracket and 50-59 years old age bracket. In the following classification, each have 5 respondents or each had 36% of the total population as the research was being conducted. Table 6. Teacher Respondents According to Civil Status CIVIL STATUS |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |SINGLE |3 |21% | |MARRIED |11 |79% | |SEPARATED |0 |0% | |WIDOW |0 |0% | |TOTAL |14 |100% | As being shown in the table above, most of the teacher respondents were married at a population of 11 out of 14 or 79% of the total 100%. The rest of the respondents were classified single which is 3 in number or 21% of the total. Problem 2. What are the common causes of absences done by the students in terms of: Self-Inquiry or Family Problem? Table 7. Primary Cause of a Student’s Truancy as Perceived by the Students and Teachers |CAUSE |STUDENT |TEACHER | | |FREQUENCY |PRRCENTAGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |SELF INQUIRY |21 |58% |6 |43% | |FAMILY PROBLEM |15 |42% |8 |57% | |TOTAL |36 |100% |14 |100% | Self- inquiry is the main reason for a student to make an absence as what is being taken notice by other students that is being certified by Table 7. The resulting calculation shows that 21 students agreed to the fact to the said hindrance or the 58% out of the 100%. The teacher respondents look at the situation in a different angle, and most have agreed that family problem have caused the truancy of their students. Out of 14 respondents, 8 sees that the lack of family support had pushed absenteeism to what it is now. Statistically these 8 respondents compose the 57% of the total 100% population of teacher respondents. According to Williams, the student’s decision on a school based problem will not be taken responsibility by the school or the family. His regular absences will take a part on what he learns and because of some conditions, like social phobia or unsustainable community practice he will have the reason to quit school. Another claim from Haris was to be given attention for as far as his research had shared; he claimed that peer groups are more powerful influences in changing an individual than thy very own parents. And influences like this especially the not so good ones must have been provoking such individual in skipping school. But his research also discussed that there are times that the condition of oneself must be a priority. Sickness can be a factor to a self-inquired reason on absenteeism that must address an urgent action. Furthermore this citation agrees to the side of the student respondents that self-inquiry is a justified reason and adequate enough to be a basis of absences. Other authors, like Hartnett have seen another breakthrough to similar studies such as this. He have witnessed some occasions where in the family itself cannot provide a good education for its younger members. The lack of enthusiasm in some communities towards education has also influenced the attitude of a certain group of people towards educational link, thus absenteeism was observed. This is true to what the teacher respondents have observed in their school. Problem 3. What are the effects of absenteeism as grouped according to: Students Learning and School Performance? Table 8. Effect of Absenteeism to Students Learning Performance as Perceived by Student and Teacher Respondents |Indicators |Student |Teacher | | |Mean |VD | | |Mean | | |Student |Teacher | | |X2c | | | |Student |Teacher | | |Student |2132 |1314 |3446 | |Teachers |1514 |696 |2210 | |TOTAL |3646 |2010 |5656 | 1. ) df = (r-1)(c-1) = (2-1)(2-1) = (1)(1) = 1 Level of Significance = 5% X2t = 3. 84 Expected value: Cell 1:EV = [(VT)(HT)]/ GT = [(3646)(3446)]/ 5656 = (12564116)/ 5656 = 2221. 38 Cell 2:EV = [(VT)(HT)]/ GT = [(2010)(3446)]/5656 = (6926460) = 1224. 62 Cell 3:EV = [(VT)(HT)]/ GT = [(3646)(2210)]/5656 = (8057660)/5656 = 1424. 62 Cell 4:EV = [(VT)(HT)]/ GT = [(2010)(2210)]/5656 = (4442100)/5656 = 785. 38 |Cell |O |E |(|O-E|-0. 5)2 |(|O-E|-0. 5)2 /E | |1 |2132 |2221. 38 |7899. 65 |1. 40 | |2 |1314 |1224. 62 |7899. 65 |1. 0 | |3 |1514 |1424. 62 |7899. 65 |1. 40 | |4 |696 |785. 38 |7899. 65 |1. 40 | | |N= 5656 |N= 5656 | |5. 6 | CONCLUSION: | X2C | | X2t | | 5. 6 | | 3. 84 | 5. 6 ; 3. 84 Reject Ho, Accept Ha There is a significant difference between the perception of the students and teachers on the effect of absenteeism in terms of students learning and school CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name: April Jobeth G. Barrot Age: 15 yrs. old City Address: 241 P-1 Obrero, Butuan City Provincial Address: Agusan Del Norte Date of Birth: April 9, 1994 Height: 150 cm Weight: 37 kg Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic Citizenship: Filipino Contact#: 2257130/09102442074 Fathers Name: Job R. Barrot Age 49 yrs. old Occupation: Seaman Mothers Name: Elizabeth G. Barrot Age: 46 yrs. old Occupation: Pharmacist Brothers Name: Jeb G. BarrotAge: 17 yrs. old Steven Ellie G. BarrotAge: 1 yr. old Frankie Job G. Barrot Age: 1 yr. old Sisters Name: Jobelle Beth G. BarrotAge: 8 yrs. old II. Educational Background Preschool – Child Learning Development School – S. Y. : 1999-2001 Primary Level – Butuan Central Elementary School – S. Y. : 2001-2007 Secondary Level – Agusan National High School – S. Y. : 2007-Present III. Honors, Scholarship and Awards Preschool Kinder I Honors: Best in Math, Best in Filipino, and Best in English Award: Most Neat Kinder II Honors: Best in Math, Best in Science, Best in English, Best in Filipino Award: Most Neat Primary Level Grade 1 Honors: 8th Honors Award: Most Patients Grade 2 Honors: 6th Honors Award: Most Neat Grade 3 Honors: 9th Honors Award: Most Neat Grade 4 Honors: 14th Honors Award: Most Clean Grade 5 Honors: 8th Honors Awards: Dancer of the Year and Most Cooperative Grade 6 Honors: 6th Honors Awards: Most Industrious, 1st in Katutubong Sayaw, Cheer dance Competition (Champion), Outstanding Pupil Government Officers, Outstanding Choir Member and Outstanding Dance Troupe Members Secondary Level 1st Year Level Honor: 9th Honors 2nd Year Level Honor: 5th Honors IV. Seminar, Conference Attended Philippine Society of Youth Science Club, September 6-7, 2008, Agusan National High School Senior/Cadet Scouts Conference, August 15, 2009, at GSP Headquarters, Capitol Site, Butuan City Chief Girl Scout Medal Scheme Orientation and Workshop at GSP Headquarters, Capitol Site, Butuan City, July 25, 2009 Brown Raise Seminar, Saint Joseph Institute and Technology, February 6, 2009 CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name: Raniana Cabonce Valencia Age: 15 yrs. old Provincial Address: Agusan Del Norte Date of Birth: July 3, 1994 Height: 145 cm Weight: 35 kg Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic Citizenship: Filipino Fathers Name: Robert G. Valencia Occupation:Poultry Raiser Mothers Name: Rosario C. Valencia Occupation: High School Teacher II. EducationAL bACKGROUND Primary Level – Butuan Central Elementary School – S. Y. : 2001-2007 Secondary Level – Agusan National High School – S. Y. : 2007-Present III. Honors, Scholarship and Awards Preschool 2nd Honors Outstanding Pupil Best in Writing Best in Math 2nd Place Spelling Bee Primary Level Grade 1 Honors: 9th Honors Grade 2 Honors: 6th Honors Grade 3 Honors: 4th Honors Grade 4 Honors: 6th Honors Grade 5 Honors: 3rd Honors Award: 1st Place Filipino Quiz Bee Grade 6 Honors: 2nd Honorable Mention Awards: 3rd Place in Napkin Folding -5th Place Investigatory Project -6th Place Editorial Cartooning – Outstanding Choir Member Secondary Level 1st Year Level Honor: 1st Honors Award: APEC 2008 Academy Award First Place – 3rd Place Essay Writing 2nd Year Level Honor: 10th Honors IV. Seminar, Conference Attended Philippine Society of Youth Science Club, September 6-7, 2008, Agusan National High School School Press Conference, Butuan Central Elem. School, Butuan City, S. Y. 2007-2008 Symposiums, Agusan National High School, Butuan City, S. Y. 2008-2009 Red Cross Youth Seminar, Agusan National High School, February 13, 2009 School Disaster Management: First Aid Training, Ausan National High School, September 11-12, 2009 CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name: Gea Anne I. Makinano Age: 15 yrs. old City Address: P-6 Brgy. 16, Ong Yu, Butuan City Provincial Address: Agusan Del Norte Date of Birth: October 12, 1994 Height: 151 cm Weight: 39 kg Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic Citizenship: Filipino Fathers Name: Felixberto L. Makinano Occupation: deceased Mothers Name: Elvira I. Makinano Occupation: OFW II. EducationAL BACKGROUND Preschool –Balay Silonganan Learning Center – S. Y. : 1999-2001 Primary Level – Butuan Central Elementary School – S. Y. : 2001-2007 Secondary Level – Agusan National High School – S. Y. : 2007-Present III. Honors, Scholarship and Awards Preschool Kinder II Honors: Salutatorian Awards: Best in Writing, Most Neat and Clean Primary Level Grade 1 Honors: 1st Honors Award: Best in Writing, Most Punctual, Most Neat and Clean, Best in Science Grade 2 Honors: 4th Honors Award: Most Polite Grade 3 Honors: 4th Honors Award: Most Neat and Clean, Most Polite Grade 4 Honors: 2nd Honors Award: Most Polite, 1st Place Science Quiz Bee District Level, 3rd Place Science Quiz Bee Division Level Grade 5 Honors: 2nd Honors Awards: Participant- Water District Quiz Bee District Level Grade 6 Honors: Salutatorian Awards: Outstanding Award, 1st Place MTAP Division Level (Team), 3rd Place MTAP Division Level Secondary Level 1st Year Level Honor: 6th Honors Award: Model Student 2nd Year Level Honor: 14th Honors IV. Seminar, Conference Attended Philippine Society of Youth Science Club, September 6-7, 2008, Agusan National High School Brown Raise Seminar, Saint Joseph Institute and Technology, February 6, 009 Symposiums, Agusan National High School, Butuan City, S. Y. 2008-2009 CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name:Charissa L. Abingosa Age: 15 yrs. old City Address: Employees Village, Libertad Provincial Address: Agusan Del Norte Date of Birth: April 4, 1994 Height: 164 cm Weight: 52. 5 kg Civil Status: Sing le Religion: Roman Catholic Citizenship: Filipino Fathers Name: Manuel Q. Abingosa Age 47 yrs. old Occupation: Motor Cycle Driver Mothers Name: Nerlita L. Abingosa Age: 46 yrs. old Occupation: Government Employee Brothers Name: Emmanuel L. Abingosa Age: 14 yrs. old II. EducationAL BACKGROUND Preschool –Sacred Heart– S. Y. : 1999-2001 Primary Level – Butuan Central Elementary School – S. Y. : 2001-2007 Secondary Level – Agusan National High School – S. Y. : 2007-Present III. Honors, Scholarship and Awards Primary Level Grade 1 Honors: 6th Honors Grade 2 Honors: 1st Honors Grade 3 Honors: 14th Honors Grade 4 Honors: 8th Honors Grade 5 Honors: 8th Honors Grade 6 Honors: 3rd Honors Secondary Level 1st Year Level Honor: 5th Honors 2nd Year Level Honor: 21st Honors Awards: 1st place in Division and District 2nd Year Level Suduko 2nd Place in 1st Regional Math Festival IV. Seminar, Conference Attended Philippine Society of Youth Science Club, September 6-7, 2008, Agusan National High School Senior/Cadet Scouts Conference, August 15, 2009, at GSP Headquarters, Capitol Site, Butuan City Chief Girl Scout Medal Scheme Orientation and Workshop at GSP Headquarters, Capitol Site, Butuan City, July 25, 2009 Brown Raise Seminar, Saint Joseph Institute and Technology, February 6, 2009 CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name: Gonzaga, Mhizelie Jave F. Age: 15 yrs. old Address: P-10 Ong Yiu Dist. Butuan City Birth date:February 21, 1994 Gender: Female Status: Single Parents Information: Mothers Name: Ma. Jovelin V. Forrosuelo Occupation: Public School Teacher Fathers Name: Jose Bayani L. Gonzaga Occupation: Owner Type Jeepney Driver No. of Siblings: 1 Position in Family: Eldest II. EducationAL BACKGROUND Schools Attended: Preschool: Angelicum Montessori School; S. Y. 1998-2000 Elementary:Butuan City SPED Center FL; S. Y. 2001-2006 High School: Agusan national High School; S. Y 2007- present III. Honor Scholarships and Awards Preschool: Graduated as a Salutatorian Awards: Proficiency in Science Best in Oral Expression (Filipino) Best in Writing Best in Reading Best in Spelling Most Neat and Clean Best in Music and Rhythm Elementary: Graduated as a Salutatorian Awards: S. Y. 2006-2007 1st Place Regional Quiz Bee, SPED Schools Category 3rd Place, Regional Science Quiz Bee, Over All 1st Placer Division Science Quiz Bee nd Placer Division Science Fair â€Å"Comparing Metal Elements Found in Leaves of Different Mango Varieties† 3rd Honors, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Individual Category 3rd Runner up, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Team Competition Qualifier, Philippine Science High School Scholarship Exam, Davao Campus Contributor, â€Å"Ang Manaol† O fficial School Paper of BCSC (Filipino) Active Girl Scout Red Cross Member Class Auditor Best in Science Most Diligent Academic Excellence Awardee, Green Bank CARAGA Chapter Academic Excellence Awardee, M. Lurielle, Butauan City Branch S. Y. 2005-2006 3rd Honors, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Individual Category 1st Placer, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Team category S. Y. 2004-2005 2nd Placer, Regional Science Quiz Bee, Over All S. Y. 2003-2004 1st Placer, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Team category S. Y. 2002-2003 1st Placer, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Team Category High School: Awards: S. Y. 2007-2008 1st Placer, Division Science Quiz Bee st Placer, Division MTAP Math Challenge, Team Category S. Y. 2008-2009 3rd Placer, Schools Science Fair, â€Å"Copper and Tin Alloy As Substitute to Silicon in Photovoltaic Cell† 3rd Placer, Regional Science Fair, â€Å"Copper and Tin Alloy as substitute to Silicon in Photovoltaic Cell† IV. Seminar, Conference Attended Philippin e Society of Youth Science Club, September 6-7, 2008, Agusan National High School Brown Raise Seminar, Saint Joseph Institute and Technology, February 6, 2009 CURRICULUM VITAE I. Personal BACKGROUND Name: Ben Jay Felizarta Age: 15 years old Address: New Asia R. Calo, Butuan City B-day: July 9, 1994 Mother’s Name: Rosanna Felizarta Occupation: House Keeper Father’s Name: Bilarmino Ocay Occupation: Tailor II. EducationAL BACKGROUND Pre-School: Honor Received-1st Honor Primary Level: Obrero Elementary School Honor Received- Gr. 1 – 1st Honor Gr. 2 – 1st Honor Gr. 3 – 2nd Honor Gr. 4 – 1st Honor Gr. 5 – 2nd Honor Gr. 6 – 1st Honorable Mention Secondary Level: Agusan National High School Honor Received- None so far ———————– The effect of absenteeism to student’s learning and class/school performance. Conduct a Conference Dialogue Socio-Demographic profile of the respondent: †¢ Gender †¢ Age †¢ Civil status Common cause of absence †¢ Self inquiry †¢ Family problem †¢ AGUSAN RIVER AGUSAN RIVER