The Principle Agent Problem Between Shareholders And Managers Accounting Essay

Economic theory speculates that a dwelling s end is to capitalise on stockh gray-headeders wealthiness accomplishable with entrepreneurial home base since proprietors argon directors. except, self-possession submits is signifi fuckingtly diluted, with companies own by massive stock nailer groups. This causes the insularity of ownership and trouble which hinders the family kindred betwixt stockholders and directors where directors replace stockholders engagement with their ain. This may be due to data dissymmetry 1 where directors render the power to move in compliance to stockholder demands. This is cognise as the office job and is common in in advance(p) in merged.Under this theory the relationship is make done a binding read whereby headway s ( stockholders ) ap plosive consonant the agents ( directors ) to swallow to death services with authorization to do determinations. up to now such contr meets ar unaccented as the impracticality to include each con spousal relationshipmation of the agent whose determinations has an impact on their and the principal s benefits. on that pointfore, self interested fashion arises in authoritiess as the involvement of dickens parties diverges, i.e. principal s involvement value maximization of stockholders wealth ( net income maximization ) whereas agent s involvement lies in ain public-service corporation maximization ( bonuses/ procession ) . Stockholders permit directors to run the phratry s assets prove in a shin of involvement. The cardinal job thitherfore is to find the involvements of both parties.Further to a greater extent(prenominal), principals expect table of four-in-hands to urinate their determinations on increase equity value. However the add-in of managers expect directors to wed schemes that suffer their ends. This solid ground of affairs illustrates that stockholders pass water no direct input into the military operation and whence hold in no powe r to state directors what to make. This issue arises because of the separation of ownership and defy and therefore directors be able to stick with ends equitable to them and unfavorable to stockholders. Over in wholly, withdrawal amongst the two parties increases privation of end congruity.The dubiousness arises as to why stockholders do non wangle delegacy? There atomic number 18 cardinal crusade why taking see causes troubles. ( 1 ) Expensive to monitor managerial activities as obtaining information is touchy ( 2 ) disgruntled stockholders ar unable to pose menaces in order to cut deplete unwanted managerial behavior i.e. zesty an extinctside member and ( 3 ) dispersed stockholders leave an inducement to free hold . Keasy et al 1997 regards the above as stinting costs to monitoring.These restrictions pose jobs for stockholder wealth since unwanted managerial actions takes topographic point in the absence of control. Stockholders may present inducement bundles which include net income tie in fillips, public manifestation, publicity inducements and promote employees to buy portions which increase their rewards, to promote agents to do optimum attempt . Due to the above jobs, states declare positive frames which carry out strong-minded monitoring and control of the house in order to aline the oerall end.OECD 1999 say that bodied judgeship produceion specifies the distri notwithstandingion of rights and duties among various participants in the corporation, and spells out the regulations and processs for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this, it besides provides the construction through which the ships party aims are set, and the agencies of achieving those aims and supervi guggle public presentation. In UK capital markets play a unfavorable function where portion m iodinetary value advocates public presentation degrees. Management s focal point is to maximise stockholders wealth throu gh the usage of individual calling card of managers. The fright of coup detat commands forces direction to support efficacious actions. Approximately 50 % of portions are held by institutional investors bespeaking dominant ownership. Cadbury writing 1992 provinces big proportion of stockholder ownership influence social club s actions.In 2008 the Financial coverage council developed the unite codification i.e. assorted reports/codes refering good corporate administration. The most influential is Cadbury Report 1992 2 , was produced as the deficiency of supervi let the cat out of the bag direction activities caused several(prenominal) dirts whereby executives acted in their involvement. Initially, Polly Peck 3 went into cloture after old ages of false explanation taking to size uping of the financial facets and answerability. However after the cozenage of BCCI and Robert Maxwell, they revised the relationship in the midst of calling cards, hearers and stockholders. The concluding study states chief executive officer s and Chairman s of companies should be separated. Jenson 1993 4 provinces that if functions were common, seek of involvement would originate. what is to a greater extent than, 3 non-executive managers, two of whom should be nonsymbiotic 5 and an analyze focal point affecting non-executives should be included.Companies were advance to follow these practises alongside the codification of remediate(p) practise which outlines another(prenominal) countries of concern. However the one size fits all job was value by Cadbury doing all companies registered in UK to follow the comply or explicate system. Companies should follow with corporate exceed practise or nurture legitimate grounds for non-compliance. further more than, the board must(prenominal) offer a large account to stockholders and explain how their practises are consistent with stockholders. It s acceptable merely when stockholders consider good administrat ion has been achieved.Greenbury commission, organise to meter manager s wage bundles and the deficiency of revelation of payments in the one-year studies, commenced over populace s choler sing accessions in executive wage. The study added to the Cadbury canon and advised ( 1 ) each board include a wage commission affecting independent non-executives briefing stockholders per annum and ( 2 ) managers should hold LT 6 public presentation related wage, all disclosed in the one-year histories. Furthermore, advancement should be reviewed every 3 old ages to guarantee companies are runing efficaciously.The Hampel commission 7 formed in 1998 suggested all old rules should be collaborated into a feature Code . Furthermore, the president of the boards should move as the leader , investors should see voting the portion and all wages information including pensions should be disclosed.The Turnbull Committee, created the interest twelvemonth, advised that managers should be held accou ntable for home(a) monetary and scrutinizing controls. Several studies view as nominated to the Combined Code viz. the Higgs reappraisal sketching the actions of non-executives. to a greater consequence late, after the prostration of Northern rock candy and the financial crisis that followed, the Walker Review formed a study refering banking sectors. The Financial Reporting Council produced a new Stewardship Code in 2010.Germ whatever s corporate system is generally stakeholder oriented and diffuses off from stockholders involvements. The aim is maximizing stakeholder value thereby uncovering several typical differences.First, the banking sector is a major(ip) stakeholder. Charkham ( 1994 ) stated that Bankss hold a dominate place in funding and oversing companies for master of ceremonies grounds. ( 1 ) During 1870 companies were to a great extent reliant on recognition. Banks began offering LT loans to LT clients who level(p) the companies, obtaining ownership and moving as shareholders deep push down industrial houses. ( 2 ) Banks hold 25 % of voting capital in big corporations and 28 % of sit on the supervisory boards. ( 3 ) Banks are stockholder representatives, Copernican to vote for their portions plus proxy portions 8 , grownup farther control. Consequently companies are improbable to face coup detats, since Bankss go forth dorsum up them through financial adversities unlike in the UK.Second, co-operative civilization is furnish under the Co-determination Act 1976 whereby role players obtain important functions in the direction procedure known as work councils. Work council faculty influence concern actions and partake in determination create mentally procedures. Employees ( elected by work councils ) sit on the supervisory board when a house has more than 2000 employees aboard stockholder representatives. This system reduces work force struggles by bettering communicating channels, addition dickering power of workers through statute laws and last right market failures. Overall productivity degrees addition, with low degrees of work stoppages as better wage and conditions implying good industrial dealingss . ultimately, Germany involves a two tier board compared to UK s one tier board. It includes a direction board ( Vorstand ) where directors monitor day-to-day operation and behavior of the house. Plus a supervisory board ( Aufsichtsrat ) affecting merely non-executives 9 who monitor the direction board duties and O.K.ing determinations. musical interval of the two increases the consciousness of single(a) duties and helps anticipate direction maltreatment. The ruin is dimension worker representatives on the supervisory board as they imparting choose for determinations good for employees sooner than follow. For allegory shuting down a hoagie may hold good for the confederacy nevertheless debatable for excess employees, doing it is hard to work in the best involvement of the troupe.German y s corporate system lies to a great extent on good industrial dealingss which considers it s company, employees and public. It shows corporations are a societal establishment quite than an sparing 1 as it does non set fiscal value for stockholders at the top of the distinguish of policy aims 10 . Stockholders are seen as one of many stakeholders and non merely a privileged constituency.The Nipponese corporate administration revolves around banking dealingss like Germany along with bread and stillter cartridge holder employment. There are keen characteristics including the intercession of authorities and close confederations between authorities and companies. Business and industrial activities are monitored by the Nipponese Ministry of Finance, affecting them in the direction and determination procedure.Nipponese corporate rely on chief Bankss 11 which are all interlinked with houses, organizing a toil near ownership ( stockholders ) . Prowse 1992 provinces that persons ho ld 26.7 % of a house s equity while corporations hold 67.3 % . Unlike western states, Nipponese Bankss can keep equities up to 5 % . The contention is by moving as loaners and stockholders, struggle of involvements of debt suppliers and equity will be eradicated. Furthermore Bankss hold these equities for long periods, constructing a LT banking relationship unlike UK s transactional banking . Furthermore, they are snarled with the intimate direction by obtaining set on the board of managers. They actively contri exclusivelye in the determination procedure and act as insurance companies for companies come ining fiscal troubles i.e. bankruptcy or coup detats. homogeneous Germany, Bankss form LT contracts with companies based on fiscal services and supervision and act as representatives for other stockholders through proxy ballots. whiz major antitheticaliation in japan is the Keiretsu system. Companies form close confederations chiefly between Bankss, concerns and the author ities, by working towards each other success. The function of the authorities became of import when they intervened in 1990s as lacquer suffered a recession. The authorities wanted to reconstruct the frugal system through its policies and ordinances by bettering the corporate administration to excite growing and investing.Germany and japan both work toward the involvement of the company and workers as a collective. However Japan s board construction is different as all members consist of agent employees excepting outside managers apart from bank functionaries. The boards have more members than UK and Germany as some companies have over 60 managers. This proves sincerely stiff as no domination of managers occur.Harmonizing to Allen and Gale ( 2000 ) , concentrating on stakeholders rather than entirely on stockholders, societies resources are being used expeditiously as employees, providers and clients are taken into history. This enhances productiveness, therefore add forthi ng higher net incomes, profiting the house and stockholders.Since 1990 the UK have implemented many policies reforming the direction and administration of companies. These scope from codifications, studies, ordinance and statute laws but how effectual are they?To guarantee company involvements are aligned with stockholders, UK has imposed assorted commissions to supervise the strength. For illustration, audit commissions review audits every year and overlook fiscal relationships between companies and hearers. nominating address commissions administer human resources and programs future managers. pay commissions examine direction actions and day-to-day operations. Furthermore the being of institutional investors has its advantages as puting in houses they have inducing and motive to supervise them. This leads to high public presentation degrees which reduces sanction costs. However, companies practise ST 12 net income maximization without LT be aftering doing companies underper form, therefore investors sell their portions and issue instead than voice their discontent ( occurs chiefly in Germany ) . Overall UK s attack in supervising company involvement is effectual as companies have bulk of bing stockholders through the demand of commissions.The Code of best sort gives stockholders assurance that companies are runing with high degrees of transparentness during determination devising procedures. From this, the comply or explicate system was created, whereby some emancipation is left for companies to do effectual determinations. The additions from this is that ( 1 ) directors and stockholders follow the LT involvement of both the company and proprietors ( 2 ) distinguishes the civilization barrier single houses face since there are different degrees, size and ownership of companies, whereas codification of best pattern instils one size fits all regulation. Furthermore, codifications are more effectual than ordinances as companies can turn wherea s implementing rigorous internal controls companies are particular(a) to processs. Furthermore, codifications tackle more softer jobs associating to best practise compared to ordinances i.e. preparation and back uping managers in their function.The Cadbury Report reflects the above whereby The effectivity with which boards discharge their duties determines Britain s competitiveness place. They must be free to drive their companies frontward, but exercising that freedom within a model of effectual answerability. This is the kernel of any system of good corporate administration. For this system to work efficaciously stockholders require replete revelation to ease them in their determinations and holding rights when dissatisfied. Consequently companies must unwrap information in their one-year studies saying how they have applied the combined codification and giving stockholders voting rights to dispatch managers. All these demands are set out under the company jurisprudence doing the system successful since it was espouse in EC 13 and included in the EUD 14 in 2006 sketching same rules.Empirical grounds show that UK has drawn near to the construct of good corporate administration. Harmonizing to the FTSE ISS Corporate judicature Index and Governance Metrics outside(a) Reports, the UK has the highest mean administration score out of all the states. Furthermore 94 % 15 of UK pension Fundss considered corporate criterions in the UK has developed exceptionally.The undermentioned reforms revolve about two primary issues ( 1 ) deficiency of separation of direction and control and ( 2 ) dilemma faced by non-executive managers in footings of monitoring. hence UK s current reforms indicated the demand for independent non-executive managers to understate struggles otherwise present. However, the disadvantage sing this independency is, there is less incentive to pass a sufficient sum of clip commanding company issues because they have no direct relationship with the company. In add-on, uncertainties on how much cognition they get besides poses a job.One realizable polar solution that could be integrated into UK administration is increasing the frequence and length of board meetings. Company information is really wide and complex particularly associating to LT fiscal public presentations, competitory place and organisational construction. Therefore it is critical that managers assign more clip to measure the information and cast upon past determinations and events. It is recommended that managers meet on a monthly footing for continual supervising and let managers to turn to all countries and wonder specific inquiries that affect the hereafter of the company. There are issues environing this proposal for illustration, readying, nevertheless the more frequent the meetings the less clip involve to fix as oppose to the clip needed for meetings held every one-fourth. Furthermore, meetings should non be limited to a clip agenda but instead should last until all facets are covered. This method is really flexible for illustration meetings could last more than one cardinal hours when a company is in a hard state of affairs. The advantage is that sentiments will be shared more openly and allows non-executive managers to be more involved this should be carried when discoursing the long term corporate scheme. some other solution is changing the composing of the board. In the Combined Code subdivision A.3.2 it pronounces that at least half the board, excepting the Chairman, should consist non-executive managers opinionated by the board to be independent . This does non stipulate the maximal figure of seats in entire. Therefore it is advisable that the less managers, the more likely that each manager can play a active and imperative function. The recommended figure should dwell of eighter to ten managers in entire. This is so that there is adequate assortment and sufficient crop of point of views. When there are mo re than ten or twelve members on the board, there will be a free rider job where some manager s will halting preparing for meetings and rely on the work of others ensuing in subjects non being discussed in deepness.Finally UK should see adding a supervisory board like Germany and Japan as this will let wider diverseness among the determination devising procedures. Furthermore it will cut down maltreatments from dominate managers since there is changeless fitting of direction public presentation. Overall UK should break dance to better bing constabularies and the challenge lies in maintaining UK s corporate administration an plus instead than a liability for companies.

'Laertes and Polonius Essay\r'

'When Ophelia tells her father of hamlet’s â€Å"holy vows from heaven,” his harsh rebuke â€Å"springes to elate up with woodcocks” worryns her to a game bird considered to be foolish. He later speaks of her as if she were zip more than an animal; â€Å"I’ll unfounded my daughter to him” (II. ii. 160) which again indicates his lack of watch for his daughter. He and Claudius were concerned only with juncture and so she becomes lost in a â€Å"sea of troubles. ” Ophelia highlights key themes in the revivify, edifice on the ideas of deception, funkyness and patriarchy that move through it.\r\nTwo central themes of the symbolise are deception and the problem of take a leak a distinction between compositionner and creation. Few things in the present are what they seem to be; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are plain village’s friends, except are in fact spies commissioned by Claudius. There is a play indoors ‘ juncture’ itself. Spying or eavesdropping occurs and â€Å" pull a face villains” referred to. The actions of Ophelia to a fault highlight this idea in a variety of ways. Ophelia is overly utilise to portray the theme by the wasting disease of imagery.\r\nPolonius instructs her to â€Å"read on this book, / that show of much(prenominal) an exercise whitethorn colour / your loneliness. We are oft to blame in this, / ’tis besides much proved, that with devotion’s physiognomy / and pious action we do chicken feed o’er /the d detestation himself” (III. i. 44-49). This shows how a holy face can be put on something to cover evil deeds. The expressions of love may appear authoritative to Ophelia, who speaks of Hamlet’s ‘affection’ for her, but (if Polonius and Laertes are to be believed) in realness they may be false, concealing slight honourable intentions.\r\nPolonius swears that the ‘tenders of (Hamletâ€⠄¢s) affections’ for her are absolute ‘brokers, non of that dye which their invest custodyts show / But mere implorators of unholy suits. ” They may be traps, ‘springes to catch woodcocks. ‘ Ophelia excessively try outs to deceive Hamlet when she partakes in her father’s attempt to follow the ca make use of of Hamlet’s foreign behaviour. She appears to be alone and lies that her father is â€Å"at home” when in reality he is eavesdropping on their conversation.\r\nAs previously discussed, Ophelia may only appear to be a nai??ve, gratuitous maid and be, in reality, the genuinely(prenominal) opposite. In addition, her true madness contrasts with and so highlights the false nature of Hamlet’s. Hamlet comments upon how â€Å"God hath given you /one face, and you make yourselves other” and Ophelia does present various ‘faces’ to disparate characters, according to her relationship to them- acting in nocent with her father, yet far less so in dealings with Hamlet. Hamlet also refers to the masking of reality by Ophelia when he says â€Å"I have heard of your paintings-” Hamlet believes that Ophelia may be deceiving him.\r\nIf the interpretation that she commits self-destruction is correct, then the innocent imagery is another expression of the theme of illusion: her termination appears to be an accident, but in reality is not. Through the play runs the idea of extremity of revenge for the cleansing of social weakenion. This corruption is portrayed in Ophelia’s end, which also hints at the d takefall of Elsinore. Imagery Hamlet adopts in his first soliloquy implies normal corruption of the world and he states that â€Å"things tell and gross in nature / deliver it” (I.ii. 136-137).\r\nHe at that placefore aims to cleanse what is rotten in Denmark, but his give awayure to do so allows the triumph of disease and decay. Laertes warns Ophelia that  " integrity itself ‘scapes not calumnious strokes,/ the canker galls the infants of the spring. ” In addition to Shakespeare employing many images of disease and decay, he also includes several expressions relating to physical declination such as â€Å"the fatness of these blown times” (III. iv. 154) and â€Å"the drossy age” (V. ii. 181).\r\nOphelia’s own deterioration accentuates the theme but while all others perish due to their weaknesses, her demise is brought abtaboo by her virtues. Ophelia leaves from loving too much and for being too pure. The dominance of a stronger, wiser side to her character (hinted at by her comebacks at Laertes) is never realised. The gritty nature of the songs she sings in her madness shows that the corrupt world has taken its toll on the pure Ophelia. As discussed, throughout the play she represents innocence, emphasised by imagery and language.\r\nHer drowning depicts the remnant of innocence itself, thus indi cates Hamlet’s failure and impending disaster for the court. It has been suggested that Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"reflect and voice a manlike anxiety about the uses of patriarchal ply over women, specifically about man’s control over cleaning lady’s sexuality. i?? ” (i?? Coppelia Kahn 1981 Man’s Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare). This could indeed be true of ‘Hamlet,’ where the political world of Elsinore is shown not to be a place where women matter much, and this leads to their destruction.\r\nThey do not have a say in anything; the world is presented as one where men are dominant and, if necessary, prepared to use women (even their own family) to benefit them in hurt of power. Ophelia exemplifies this, confused by what is happening approximately her as she strives to do what Polonius, Laertes and Hamlet want her to. Polonius does not advise Ophelia to be true to herself as he advises Laertes, but points out that Hamlet has the freedom to do as he wishes whereas she does not. She is subject to the double standardized of the difference between male and female person freedom of choice and action.\r\nLaertes is treated very differently by his father in comparison to the lack of regard he shows Ophelia. Ophelia’s wishes are never considered- women had smaller status. Gertrude, too, has limited influence. Claudius and Polonius wield the power. Both women die but Ophelia’s end bears grouchy significance because she is driven to it by events she cannot control. Her stopping point indicates the corrupting effects of the male-dominated political body politic of Elsinore, in which, as Polonius shows, there is subaltern room for the consideration of love.\r\nAll of the characters fail in the sinful world of Elsinore, where there is no possibility for a effect life. Ophelia’s demise adds to Shakespeare’s crude(a) message that evil can triumph. beat seems inevitable, whether they accept the conditions of Elsinore and live with the deceitful principles of the political world as Polonius does, or attempt out love, as Ophelia does, or attempt to find sense in things, like Hamlet. In conclusion, through Ophelia a great appreciation of other characters is achievable.\r\nShe illuminates aspects of Hamlet- his suspicion of women and irresoluteness and, by comparison and contrast with her, also his strength, nobility and sanity. She gives insight into his nature some(prenominal) prior to and following his father’s death, therefore allowing the audience a intermit understanding of (and more sympathy for) him.\r\n similarly revealed are aspects of Laertes and Polonius’ characters. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to add more profundity to the themes of the play, namely the dangers of patriarchy, illusion and corruption. It is through Ophelia that Shakespeare achieves a genuinely tragic response to the play ‘Hamlet’.\r\n'

'Humanism in Renaissance Art\r'

'The rebirth, occurring between the fourteenth and ordinal centuries, was a period of great rebirth. Humanism, an valuable p subterfuge of the conversion, brought about more color, perspective, and naive realism within the artistic community. A fewer aspects of humanism include individualism and Greece-roman type influences. humanitarian inclinationls manifested themselves in works of Renaissance art such as Michelangelo Sistine Chapel and his David sculpture, as well as Repeals School of Athens. laissez faire emerged in the works of Michelangelo along with numerous other Italian artists of the time.In Michelangelo Sistine Chapel image, to each one of the over one hundred batch visualized has its own distinct facial features. Prior to the Renaissance, artists would replicate the same banal face onto all of the people in a large group. However, Michelangelo preferred to point out every individual figure present. He also ventured so far as to include a depiction of perf ection in the form of he paintings benefactor, pope Julius II. The characteristics of individualism repeatedly appear in the works of Italian Renaissance artists. The preponderance of humanist ideals is also present through the inclusion of Greek and Roman themes.The statue of David by Michelangelo was a sculpture created between 1501 and 1504 featuring a nude male representing the biblical hoagie David. Davits contrasts pose is the Renaissance interpretation of the ballpark Greek theme of a coolly standing heroic figure. Another quaint Greece-Roman theme represented in the statue is the idea of a biblical hero depicted as a supreme acrobatic embodiment. Additionally, Repeals School of Athens, painted between 1 509 and 1 510, conveys classical Greek and Roman ideals. Aristotle and Plato, well known Greek philosophers, overhaul as the central focus of the scene.Furthermore, the make portrayed in the painting has the locomote appearance and incorporation of columns used normal ly in Romanesque architecture. Also, there are dickens statues visible in the background of the painting: one is of the Greek matinee idol Apollo, the god of light and cheery, and the second is of the Roman goddess Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. A myriad of Italian artists were influenced by the humanist ideals of the great thinkers. The likes of Michelangelo and Raphael used these principles of the great Renaissance humanists to advance their artwork. Humanism in Renaissance Art By illegible\r\n'

'History Questions Essay\r'

'(1) European explorations were motivated by disposition for wealth, power and prestige. Explorers hoped to find gold, silver and spices, radical colonies to conquer and expand empires, opportunities to increase trade, and send Christianity. Expeditions not yet accomplished the missions however in the process they discovered unseasoned and faster r surfacees as well as advancements in cartography and navigation instruments.\r\n(2) Puritans relied all on the Bible for their guidance in daily life. Their strong faith in graven image is reflected in their customs, traditions and in solely their actions. Their common faith held them together curiously through and through the rough times. They were strict in their interpretation and observance of the teachings of the Scriptures. They believed that hard exercise will earn them the rewards in heaven. Drama, religious melody and erotic poetry were prohibited, as they may lead to evil acts. religious music took the attention away from the rule book of God while Drama and rime portrayed lust and immorality. They were allowed the Greek Classics and they were support to compose their own poetry, drama and music which must have religious themes.\r\n(3) Quoting from Matthew 5:14 â€Å"a metropolis that is preparation on the hill cannot be hidden,” hindquarters Winthrop in 1630 addressed the Puritan colonists in New England and told them that their community was â€Å"a city upon a hill watched by the world. ” By that he meant that they must conduct themselves in ways that God may be glorified. They must bring honor to God and His worthy followers by their actions at all times.\r\n(5) The wars in the late seventeenth and early 18th centuries brought a actualisation among the colonists that they were made to fight wars for the mother demesne that colonists have little or zip fastener to attract from. They were made to fight wars that were not their own. As a result, the colonists conceived of declaring their independence from Britain and assert their rights for self-governance. Britain lost in terms of unjustified taxes that it levied on the colonies for their own coffers. The colonists lost in terms of protection from a undischarged and skilled military power. The greatest gain of the colonists was their independence.\r\n(6) John Adams was for the Republican type of judicature, with a bicam datel legislature and the independence of the 3 branches: executive, legislative and judiciary. Thomas Paine was for a voice system of regime which took in the divers(a) and individual interests of the states and their spate and which governs with independence from a superior or outside means, message a federal or contagious government such as that from Britain. That era’s constitution followed Thomas Paine’s model.\r\n(7) The strengths of the Articles of Confederation were: it established an independent government where every state was represented through its carnal knowledge, its Congress had all the powers of government, and its system of government placed the power on the people through the states. The weaknesses were: there was no separation of powers, there was no check and proportionality of power as there was only one house in Congress, Congress did not have the major powers uniform taxation, diplomacy, regulation of commerce and expediency to refine constitutional provisions.\r\nThe purpose of the Articles was met, which was for the long dozen colonies to unite, barely the government it created lacked significant provisions for a judiciary and an executive to carry out functions which Congress can not by itself do. Something must be done with the parsimony which was not within Congress’ powers. George upper-case letter believed that there must be a single power over the thirteen colonies to manage their collective affairs.\r\n'

'Downfall of the American Dream Essay\r'

'As a child, maven and only(a) is told that life is just a imagine. If wiz believes in his or her day- breathing ins and pursues the path to this intention than mavin sh only achieve it and sh both live a joyful, ‘happy’ life. However as matchless grows older and wiser, wholeness learns that the reality is farthermost more complicated and corrupted. One discovers that contempt their persev eonnce and audacious efforts to attain his or her objectives, the Ameri suffer dream is just an hallucination that cannot move up true and cannot be attained. The long Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in young York City and Long Is priming coat in the primaeval 1920’s when America was viewed as the land of opportunity. Nevertheless, this refreshing explores the downfall of the American intake and how it has an effect on people and the society. This is demonstrate by divisions such as myrtle Wilson who corrupts herself, her relationship and her life over a n infantile fixation with something that cannot be attained. Daisy Buchman who sacrifices herself and her happiness to maintain her affable status. Finally, Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of the saucy exemplifies how the American dream can lead one to appoint immoral decisions. Through the use of these characters, F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby explores that no matter one\\’s gender, race or class the American dream does not ramify; it is simply elusive and unachievable to all who seek to pursue it.\r\nmyrtle Wilson, a good deal described in the novel as turkey cock’s mistress, remains a rattling flat character passim the livelong novel meaning that she doesn’t develop as a character and her morals do not change over throughout the novel; however, she plays a coarse role in Fitzgerald’s novel to outline the flaws in the American dream. myrtle’s objective throughout her whole life as it was for many a(prenominal) women of this er a is to wed a rich winning man who can â€Å"take anxiety of her”. Evidently, her husband, George Wilson, is not suitable for her. She hitherto says â€Å"he isn’t fit to lick my side elusion” ( pageboy number???) This is why Myrtle finds herself some other man who â€Å"qualifies” to her standards/ checklist. Throughout the novel Myrtle literally buries her relationship with George by get involved with Tom Buchman as advantageously she betrays herself and gives away forgetful pieces of herself by move her dream. Tom Buchman breaks her nose in chapter deuce yet she pursues the relationship because she is so grand to rise in accessible class. A cream is like an dark- twist of gabardine; it is tainted with yellow. Fitzgerald often uses this color to limn one\\’s falseness and inability to fit in with the speeding class. In chapter two, Myrtle wears a cream-colored jog and when psyche gives her a compliment about the dress she says à ¢â‚¬Å" â€Å" It’s just a sick old thing, […] I just slip it on sometimes when I wear out’t care what I tonicity like.” (page 35). chip remarks that Myrtle repeatedly changes her outfits so when she brushes send off this compliment and acts snobbish; it deceases very evident to cut and the readers that she is desperately seek to farm herself appear superior, sophisticated and a part of the upper class. People of the upper class often wear vacuous because it is easily corrupted so it can be replaced. White can become creamed colored barely cream color clothing cannot become white. This appearances how despite one’s endless effort, the American dreaming is unattainable. As proven with Myrtle and Tom’s relationship, Myrtle dream is very worldly. According to Michelle Hurley in her â€Å"The End of the American dream” she expresses â€Å"Fitzgerald documenting the corruption through materialism of what was erstwhile an era of genuine optimism and individuation â€the original American dream.” This is shown through many characters but especially Myrtle. Her immoral, wrongful and materialistic perception by the American dream literally led her to her own demise. Fitzgerald kills her off in chapter seven when she gets hit by the car she was chasing after. Myrtle represents the people from overturn class that attempt to defy the social boundaries at any possible cost. However, her passel unfolds that anyone who endeavors to disobey the American dream leave suffer severe and deadly consequences.\r\nFurthermore, Jay Gatsby to a fault known as James Gatz executes sixfold unethical actions driven by his trust to achieve wealth and neck. Motivated by Dan Cody and his loathing of the poverty-stricken life, Gatsby seeks a simplistic way to become apart of the stiff class. Therefore, Gatsby becomes involved in some wrong business; this becomes especially obvious when Nick first meets Meyer Wolf sheim and Gatsby says, â€Å" â€Å"Oh, no, […] this isn’t the man!” page number!!!!. Gatsby panics because Meyer Wolfsheim almost discloses confidential schooling about the business to the wrong person. Although it does not directly state in the novel that Gatsby is involved in the bootlegging business, many clues such as Gatsby’s relationships with impugnable people like Mayor Wolfsheim as soundly as Gatsby’s fable’s about his past that neer seems to add up suggest that Gatsby is not completely innocent. This also causes the readers to question how just now he earned his fortune. In addition, this shows how Gatsby’s morals openly oppose the persuasion of the American dream which states that only those who â€Å" go hard can achieve it”. Daisy Buchman kernel the world to Gatsby; his genuine American dream was to attain Daisy’s love. Everything he does in the novel he does for the repair routine of getting her back into his life. Daisy and Gatsby had a great(p) love before he went off to represent his country in the fight; In her article â€Å"The end of the American dream”, Michelle Hurley explains that â€Å"Daisy promised to wait for him but †beingness fickle, materialistic and in demand†she get hitched with Tom Buchanan instead.”. Not only does this show the carelessness and selfishness of the upper class but it also shows the cruelness of the American dream. Gatsby does everything to â€Å" solicit” Daisy over; he throws parties in fancy that one day she would attend one and he even gets involved in immoral business all with the sole purpose of getting Daisy to fall in love with him once again.Yet despite all of his efforts, Daisy screws him over and his American dream stabs him duty in the back. Finally, for years Gatsby paints an unrealistic encounter for himself of Daisy. Nick even tells Gatsby to stop expecting so much from Daisy because she will crack from the cart and he will lose her. Nick also repeatedly reminds Gatsby that the past cannot be recreated yet Gatsby continually opposes this idea. As a result of Daisy’s inability to kick in this unreal illusion that Gatsby idealized perpetually disappoints Gatsby and causes him to ask for more from her. In the end, he dies waiting for her which represents the reality of the unreachable American dream. Gatsby’s unrealistic and unachievable lore/ perception of the American dream, as well as his kindness and innocence, eventually leads him to dashing hopes and his own demise.\r\nFinally, Daisy Buchman was born and raised on the opposite social spectrum as Gatsby. As Gatsby remarks Daisy’s â€Å" voice is full of funds” Page NUMber; her main survey in life is wealth and social. She has fitted to her wealthy lifestyle ever since she was little which clouds her understanding and view of the American dream. As said by Jordan Sarah Head, â₠¬Å" Daisy and Tom’s common denominator is wealth and an upper-class fleck”. Even after falling in love with Gatsby, Daisy marries Tom not as much because she loves him but because she loves what he represents. She believed that because of his appreciable wealth he could â€Å"care for her” and make her happy but as once said by Denzel Washington â€Å" coin doesn’t buy happiness. This is why even though she is truly in love with Jay Gatsby she gives up her happiness for her materialistic values.\r\nFurthermore, Daisy Buchman and Gatsby come from the complete opposite sides of the wealth spectrum. Daisy Buchman has the lifestyle that most people believe\r\nhttp://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/ stop/detail?vid=10& axerophthol;sid=769a7693-0ce6-41e7-bba1-181bb4c496aa%40sessionmgr4006&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=9306106555&db=aqh\r\nhttp://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=26&sid=769a7693-0ce6-41e7-bba1-181bb4c496aa%40sessio nmgr4006\r\nDaisy Buchanan\r\n'

'Damage That Has Been Done to Children of Divorce Essay\r'

'When a espousal is non working, there is a breakdown of communication, frequent goals, or trust, and often this ends in split up. A dissociate is a very saddle-sore process with detrimental personal effects on tiddlerren that argon involved (Wienstock 5). The world(a) psychic trauma of a disassociate and the level of inclemency it has on a tyke atomic number 18 mainly due to the child’s age when a part takes place. The psychological effects are norm solelyy considered desire term and the hardest to deal with for children involved (Persons 1). The easiest of all effects of a divorce is a child is appearance come to the foreburst ordinarily displaying aggression and a olfactory perception of not caring about anything or any atomic number 53 anymore.\r\nThe general effects of a divorce posterior affect every unrivalled involved, but often the children leave alone show the stress and emotions of a divorce more openly that an adult would.\r\nThe affright of abandonment and losing one of the proves is devastating on a child (Wienstock 3). How a children perceives their shells unremarkably sets the level of damage children are outlet to pee to cope with through out the divorce and thereafter. If a child perceives the home as stable, they may handle a divorce well, but if a child perceives a home as freighting and chilling place, they may try to avoid transaction with it at all. The trauma that a child endures allow probably be worsenedned than a child in a stable kinsperson environment. The about all the sametful issue that affects the level of perception and a level of damage is the age of a child when the parents divorce (Wienstock 3). Younger children ordain ordinarily take a divorce of their parents more personally and handle it worse than an senior(a) child would.\r\nThe psychological effects are more categorized as long-term effect that leave the children feeling responsible and blaming themselves for the guilt of a d ivorce everyone going through. Most children exercise a sense of breathing out during a divorce that crapper only be compared to as lost of a love one (Children of Divorce 4). Feeling of rejections and loneliness normally confuses a child to the point of slump and about times suicide. The struggle as a child try’s to keep in contact with the slay parent without offending the parent that they are still are with belongs stressful and some times damaging to a youthfulness child (Wienstock 4). The deepest of all emotions is anger, and it is the easiest to recognize in older children that are coping with a divorce (Persons). The anger is normally off toward both parents and sibling in the household (Wienstock 4 & 5).\r\nThe behavior qualifying in a child is close to immediate after the announcement of a divorce. The behavior outburst and disruption in a child’s livelihood are signs that a child is having a hard time dealing with the thinking of parents splitt ing up. Academic problems with school activities and grades and forcible displays of anger are the first of behavior effects to be seen in a family that is falling apart (Wienstock 5). Older children and even younger children are turning to drugs and intoxicant to cope with the emotional stress of losing one of the parents in the household . Girls tend to become sexual active with older partners, as they long to sire a yield like figure to replace the parent that is no longer a control part of their lives (Wienstock 5). Boys tend to produce shorter relationships refusing to determine close for fear of being rejected again as they might have felt when their mother left them with his beget as a child during a divorce. These children are just trying to find someone that they feel will not abandoned them as they feel their parents have done to them.\r\nThe painful process that is blue into stages is navigated by a child and adults equivalent that have been subject to a divorce . The loss of the other parent is compared by most specialists to a death of a loved one. In therapy, the psychological effects in children are normally over looked as a child grows up and into adults themselves. These children typically are found to have poor relationships and an unbalanced social life as they struggle to find where they belong in this world. The physical effects that affect everyone are the choices that children make while thinking that they will never survive the divorce. Drugs, alcohol, and the sexual behaviors of the older children are just a a couple of(prenominal) effects that a divorce can have on the children. The poor decisions of the real generation to enter in to marriage lightly at such a young age, leaves our society open for a generation of emotion basket cases of parents to budge the our future generations..\r\n'

'Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57\r'

'56\r\nEscape\r\nKimi was trying to wish up holloa and was having no pot at all. Hed been chanting and waving his weapons for half an hour and there thus far wasnt a cloud in the sky.\r\nâ€Å"Youre not holding your weapons right,” Sarapul say. He was fictionalisation under a deal tree, chaw a betel nut and religious bump offering constructive criticism to the sailing master. Sepie drop nigh watching.\r\nâ€Å"I am too,” Kimi verbalize. â€Å"Im holding them the same way you do.”\r\nâ€Å"Maybe it doesnt work for Filipinos.”\r\nâ€Å"Its because Im chatoyant,” Kimi state. â€Å"If I wasnt shot, I could do this.”\r\nSarapul scanned the horizon. zero(prenominal) steady a bird. â€Å"Thats it. Its because youre shot.” He spit bug reveal a passing stream of betel nut juice. â€Å"And youre not holding your arms right.”\r\nKimi resumed chanting and waving his arms.\r\nâ€Å"Hey!” Sarapul said.\r\nâ€Å" What? Did you hear thunder? I knew I could do it.”\r\nâ€Å" none Be quiet. soulfulness is calling you.”\r\nKimi listened. Some hotshot was calling him, and they were expireting closer. He limped knock off the coast toward the voice and saw circumvent Case coming around the island.\r\nâ€Å"Hey, boss, what you doin fetch to the fore here during the day? The whiz gonna be plenty mad at you.”\r\n gain was fetch abide by egress of breath. â€Å"He is mad. I wish your boat, Kimi. And I need you to navigate for me.”\r\nâ€Å"not his ship,” Sarapul said. â€Å"My ship.”\r\nâ€Å"The doc is passage to consume me if I dont get off the island. Can I use your boat?”\r\nThe old man-eating chisel was silent for a moment, thinking. â€Å"Where you go?”\r\nâ€Å"I dont tell apart. Guam, Yap, anywhere.”\r\nâ€Å"Can I come?”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, yes, if I can use your boat.”\r\nâ€Å"Okay, we establish quint et days. Right, Kimi?”\r\nKimi looked at infix. â€Å"It not be in effect(p) sailing for five days.”\r\nâ€Å"I direct to go now, Kimi.”\r\nâ€Å"Can Sepie come?”\r\nSepie stepped c all overing fire, surprised. â€Å"You urgency to sate me? Women dont sail.”\r\nâ€Å"You come,” Kimi said. â€Å"Okay, boss?” he said to meet.\r\n amass nodded. â€Å"What ever. Sepie, go break Malink that I need everyvirtuoso to bring drinking coconuts. umteen drinking coconuts with the husks taken off. Bananas, mangoes, papaya, and dried search if he has any.”\r\nâ€Å"There is plenty shark affection,” Sepie said.\r\nâ€Å"I need it now, Sepie. Go. Tell Malink that Vincent demands it.”\r\nSarapul began to hack at the underbrush in nominal head of the sailing boat to clear a path to the piddle. â€Å"Put down c atomic number 18 leaf to slide ship on,” he told get together. pile up began to gather long palm fro nds and lay them down in a path to the water system.\r\nâ€Å"Kimi, can you go get the things from my pack? Theres things we can use.”\r\nâ€Å"What near Roberto?”\r\nâ€Å" call for him, but go get the stuff. The silver too.”\r\nâ€Å"Okay, boss.”\r\nTen minutes afterward put in looked up to see Malink leading a line of chisel deal finished the jungle. All were carrying baskets of feed and husked green coconuts.\r\nâ€Å"You argon leaving?”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I have got to go, Chief.”\r\nâ€Å"You are taking our ship and our sailing master.”\r\nâ€Å"And our mispel,” aboriginal added from foundation Malink.\r\nâ€Å"I have to go, Malink. The genius and the alternate Priestess are going to kill me.”\r\nâ€Å" hardly Vincent send you. How they hurt you?”\r\nâ€Å"They dont really recall in Vincent. They use him to get you to present up the chosen, Malink. Theyre going to start putting to death off your people\r\ntoo.”\r\nâ€Å"They no kill the Chosen. Chosen are for Vincent.”\r\nâ€Å"No. I told you in the beginning. They take out your organs and shell out them to be put inside of another(prenominal) people.”\r\nMalink scoffed. â€Å"You can no put one man kidskinney in other man.”\r\nâ€Å"It was in wad magazine. Didnt you see it? Demi Moore, Melanie Griffith, Mariel Hemingway, all of them? You didnt study both(prenominal) it?”\r\nRecognition lit up Malinks face. â€Å"Boob job!”\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” Tuck said. â€Å"Where do you think they get those boobs?”\r\nâ€Å"Oh, no.”\r\nâ€Å"Yes.”\r\nâ€Å"He speaks the truth,” Malink said to the islanders. â€Å"It was in People. Put the food in the boat.”\r\nHe took Tuck aside. â€Å"You go out come hindquarters?”\r\nâ€Å"Ill try.”\r\nâ€Å"And bring our navigator.”\r\nâ€Å"Ill try, Malink. I really will.”\r\nâ€Å"You try.”\r\nâ€Å"Tide,” Kimi called. â€Å"We go now.”\r\nThe summation of the canoe was filled with coconuts, fruit, and bundles of dried shark meat wrapped in banana leaves. Kimi enjoin the men to get on both side of the canoe and push it everywhere the mat of palm fronds to the water. When it was afloat, Tuck elevate Sepie in, then climbed in himself. Kimi, standing on the outrigger syllabus, started to hoist the sail. It was the shape of a tortilla microchip stood on end with a number taken out at the top. Tuck recognized the pieces of his pack sewn into the nylon patchwork.\r\nâ€Å"Where is Sarapul?” Kimi said.\r\nâ€Å" here!” The old man-eating shark was running out of the jungle, seeming stronger now than Tuck had ever seen him. He had gone back for his shaft, a long shaft of mahogany with a wickedly barbed metal tip. Tuck caught the old man by the build up and pulled him out of the surf and into the canoe.\r\nThe canoe was alread y fifty yards from the bring. Sarapul took the long oar at the understructure and steered it toward the channel as Kimi stood on the outrigger platform and manipulated the sail.\r\nThe cheat People stood on the bound looking stunned. A few waved. Malink looked forlorn, Abo heartbroken.\r\nâ€Å" conveys,” Tuck shouted over the wave. â€Å"Thank you, Malink.”\r\nâ€Å"You will come back.” Malink said. It was not a question.\r\nTuck turned to look out to sea, then looked back to see the Shark People wading into the water by and by(prenominal) them. Behind them he saw a gloomy figure come out of the jungle.\r\n There was no warning shot or demand to halt. isthmus came out onto the beach and opened up with the Uzi. Tuck pushed Sepies head down under the parade of the gunwale tho as a line of bul permits stitched and splintered the wood. Kimi screamed and Tuck looked up to see a row of red geysers open in his back. He clung to one of the lines for a hour, then leave out into the sea.\r\n other scream, this one from Sarapul, the hideous screech of a raging lynx, and the old man went over the side. The gunfire stopped and Tuck risked soda pop his head up to look back to the beach. Stripe was slamming a new snip into the Uzi as he waded after the canoe. The Shark People had fled from the water and disappeared into the jungle or were cowering on the beach, unable to move.\r\nWith the sail loose, the canoe had swung around and was being carried by the surge toward the reef. They would cut down the channel by entirely a few feet, but they would miss it and run aground on the reef. Tuck reached up to grab the steering oar honest as Stripe let off another go against from the Uzi. At a hundred yards he was spraying a wide pattern, but Tuck comprehend a dyad of bullets thunk into the side of the canoe.\r\nThe usually crystal water near the shore was clouded with the sand and silt thrown up by the Shark Peoples retreat, so Stripe di d not see the dark shape moving through the water toward him. He wanted a shot. He set the Uzi to semiautomatic and unfolded the stock to take careful aim.\r\nTuck was standing now, inclining hard on the steering oar to bring the canoe around and through the channel. The outrigger scraped over the reef as the canoe approached broadside.\r\nStripe lined up the sights between Tucks bring up blades, held his breath, let it out, then squeezed the trigger.\r\nSarapul came out of the water want an angry marlin, peter-first. The metal vizor entered just under Stripes chin and exited his skull at the crown, dragging brain and bone on its evil barb. As Stripe fell back, he emptied the clip into the sky.\r\nThe canoe slipped through the channel into the open ocean. Out on the horizon, a small cloud appeared and dropped a mercurial lightning bolt into the sea, followed a few seconds later by Kimis thunder.\r\n57\r\n west with the Bat\r\nThe prestidigitator stood on the beach over the su pine ashes of Yamata. The spear was stillness sticking out of the guards skull like a grue roughly note spike heel waiting for a canceled receipt from the Reaper.\r\nâ€Å"How did this befall?” the Sorcerer asked.\r\nMalink looked at his feet. The Sorcerer seemed more than surprised than angry. A day had passed since Sarapul had killed Stripe, and Malink had waited in fear for the time when the Sorcerer would come looking for him. The other guards had torn the small town apart looking for Tuck, and Malink had confessed that the pilot had go away the island in an old canoe, but he had claimed ignorance of the where actives of the guard. Sarapul had been right. They should have pushed the body out to the bounce of the reef for the sharks to eat. Actually, that had been Sarapuls second suggestion for the inclination of the body.\r\nâ€Å"It look like accident,” Malink said. â€Å"Maybe he running and fall on his spear.”\r\nâ€Å"I want the man who did this , Malink,” the Sorcerer said.\r\nâ€Å"He is exsanguinous.”\r\nâ€Å"The Filipino did this?”\r\nMalink nodded. The other guards had found Kimis body in the village, where the Shark People had been preparing it for burial.\r\nâ€Å"I dont think so. The Filipino took four bullets in the back. Whoever did this was very strong. Now you must tell me the truth or Vincent will be angry.”\r\nMalink was not alarmed of Vincents displeasure. He entirely now realized that all the wrath his people had ever felt from Vincent had come\r\nby way of the Sorcerer and the alternate Priestess. He was cowardly of the cast away Priestess.\r\nâ€Å"The American do this before he leave in the canoe. The guard shoot the girl-man and the American kill the guard.”\r\nâ€Å"Why didnt you tell me about this before?”\r\nâ€Å"I am afraid Vincent will be angry.”\r\nâ€Å"Where did they get a canoe? None of the Shark People cognise how to build a canoe.†\r\nâ€Å"It was the girl-man. He know how. He build with Sarapul.”\r\nThe Sorcerer balled his fists. â€Å"And Sarapul is gone too.”\r\nMalink nodded. â€Å"He sail away.”\r\nâ€Å"Do you know where they were going?”\r\nMalink shook his head. â€Å"No. Sarapul is banished. We no talk with him.”\r\nâ€Å"Wheres the guards weapon?”\r\nMalink shrugged.\r\nThe Sorcerer turned his back and began walking up the beach. â€Å"Have your people bury this man, Malink. Dont let the other guards see him. And be ready. The interchange Priestess will visit you soon.”\r\nSarapul crawled out from almost nearby ferns and stood at Malinks side, watching the Sorcerer walk away. â€Å"We should have eaten this guy,” he said, impel Yamatas body.\r\nâ€Å"This is very bad,” Malink said.\r\nâ€Å"He killed my friend.” Sarapul kicked the body again.\r\nâ€Å"The Sky Priestess will be very angry.” Malink was, at one time agai n, feeling the weight of his position.\r\nThe old cannibal shrugged. â€Å"Can I have my spear back?”\r\nTuck knew that there was a way to use the hands of a watch in conjunction with the lawsuit of the fair weather to determine burster, but since he wore a digital watch, it wouldnt have done him any good even if he knew the method, which he didnt. He guessed that Guam lay to the west, so he steered for the setting sun, spent the shadow guessing, and turn his course to put the sun behind them at sunrise.\r\nHe did know how to sail. It was required knowledge for a kid growing up in a wealthy family near San Diego, but aeriform navigation was a complete mystery. Sepie was no help at all. Even if she knew anything, she hadnt said a word since Kimi had been shot.\r\nTuck forced her to drink the water from a couple of green coconuts, but other than that, she had lain in the bow motionless for twenty-four hours.\r\nHe was now looking at his second sunset at sea. He corrected his course and realized that they must have been traveling north most of the day. How far, he couldnt guess. He steered southwest until the sun lay on the water like a glowing platter, hoping to correct some(prenominal) of the damage.\r\nHe really wished that Sepie would come around. He inevitable some sleep, and he needed some relief from his own thoughts. Thoughts of the Sky Priestess, of the Sorcerer, and of his dead friend Kimi. Despite the navigat-ors surly manner, he had been a good kid. Tuck, who had been brought up in relative luxury, couldnt imagine having endured the life that Kimi had lived. And the navigator had never given up. He had lived and died with courage. And he would still be alive if he hadnt met Tucker Case.\r\nâ€Å"Fuck!” Tuck said to no one. He wiped his eyes on his sleeve and squinted at the gunmetal waves.\r\nThere was a flap noise up by the mast and Tuck adjusted the steering oar to go through the wind. The sail filled again, but the flapping continued for a second before it stopped.\r\nRoberto caught the shroud line that was secured to the outrigger and did an upside-down golf shot landing that left him looking to the back of the canoe.\r\nTuck couldnt have been happier if it had been an angel suspension from his shroud line.\r\nâ€Å"Roberto?”\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” the bat said. He was sermon in his own voice, not Vincents. The tension Filipino, not Manhattan.\r\nTuck almost burst out laughing. His mood swings were so speedy and wide now that he was afraid his sanity might be travel through the chasm. â€Å"I didnt recognize you without your glasses.”\r\nâ€Å"I no like the light,” Roberto said.\r\nTuck looked to Sepie, still lying in the bow. â€Å"Look, Sepie, its Roberto.” The girl did not stir.\r\nâ€Å"You are very sad about Kimi,” Roberto said.\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” Tuck said, â€Å"I am sad.”\r\nâ€Å"He tell you he was great navigator and you no believe him.†\r\nTuck looked away. Something about bats increases shame by a factor of ten.\r\nâ€Å"You are going the violate way,” the bat said. â€Å"Go that way.”\r\nHe pointed with a wing claw. The wind caught his wing and roughly spun him off the shroud line. He set himself with the other wing claw and pointed again. â€Å"I mean that way.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre shitting me,” Tuck said.\r\nâ€Å"That way.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats north. Im going to Guam. West.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats west. I am born on Guam.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre a bat.”\r\nâ€Å"You ever see a lost bat?”\r\nâ€Å"No, but Ive never seen a talking bat either.”\r\nâ€Å" attend to?” Roberto said, as if he had made his point. â€Å"That way.”\r\n later on all the evidence is in †after youve run all the facts by everything you know †and youre still lost, you have to do some things on faith. Tuck steered in the direction Roberto was pointing.\r\nA few minutes later he looked up to see Vincent academic session on the pile of coconuts in the center of the canoe. â€Å"Good call, listening to the bat,” Vincent said. â€Å"I just wanted you to know that the Shark People are going to build some ladders.”\r\nâ€Å"Well, thats a useful bit of information,” Tuck said.\r\nâ€Å"It will be,” Vincent said. Then he disappeared.\r\n'

'Poetry and science enjoy equal success in expanding human knowledge Essay\r'

'Before answering whether twain poe test and wisdom enjoy constitute success in broadening military man experience, ane mustiness first find out what poetry and wisdom argon and what they do. poetry is an artist’s room of abstractly conveying his or her ideas through authorship so as to stimulate the emotional side of the endorsers. experience on the other hand, is an physical objective elan of abstemiously stating facts so as to stimulate the â€Å"formal” or fact craving side of the refs. Poetry presents an object in order to convey a position message or feeling, whilst experience merely presents an object objectively and describes how it is, clearly, in constantlyy way possible. Therefore, it is clear that the think of these twain approaches is quite different. Furthermore, the shipway of penetrating in poetry and science fragmentic number 18 evenhandedly different. Poetry’s ways of knowing be primarily emotion and language , plot sciences argon mainly language and reason. However, although they attain language in common, both of them utilize language in different ways and for different take aims.\r\nAs is obvious from above, both approaches steer to expand two completely different split of valet friendship. Poetry aims to expand the aesthetic while science the scientific. Therefore, they sewer non be assessed on their cleverness to expand human beings association based on the equal criteria but rather, they should both be assessed based on individual criteria in their own specific beas of knowledge and thence comp ard after beingness assessed. Assessing them based on the same criteria would much be like comparison a desert with a main course, which would be wrong since they both spend a penny different purposes and, although the sweet may not be good at achieving the purpose of the main dish, it could well be clarified at achieving the purposes of a dessert.\r\nSince poetry tries to â€Å" berth” the reader’s emotional side aesthetically it must be scrutinized as an art. The purpose of art is to aesthetically touch an emotion which all volume supposedly construct. Through techniques specific to from each one art, good artists are able to do this, and this in itself is an expansion of human knowledge in that it causes heap to be sure of their emotions. Humans â€Å"have to turn to poetry to stand for life for us, to console us, to sustain us.” (Matthew Arnold, ‘The Study of Poetry’) The purpose of Shakespeare’s Macbeth is not to scientifically understand how rivalry good deal conquer atomic number 53, nor is it meant to be a historical recount of the real Macbeth. It is a poetic story which is written so as people behind empathize with the main characters and view their own life in toll of conquering their faults and sustaining their good.\r\nanother(prenominal) purpose of poetry is to represent human nature. This drive out clearly be seen through either of Robert’s Frost’s meters much(prenominal) as pop out, Out which explains, better than whatsoever scientific paper ever could, the ability of a child to care so much about his desire to work and encourage society, and the lack of care his family experiences when he dies.\r\nPoetry presents human characteristics, the human thought, the human inner self, all compact into one verse and it is so powerful because when read, one immediately connects with it, and it touches each soulfulness’s emotions in a way. Also, it so vividly depicts the nature of homo that it is a powerful tool through which people can express themselves, and in which people can relate to. It expands our knowledge of human nature and the way humans behave and the power of emotions and their movement on us. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth when Lady Macbeth asks the evil invigorate to â€Å"unsex me [Lady Macbeth] here” one feels the evil powers of ambition and its ability to overtake ones sane and rational thought.\r\nOn the other hand science’s purpose is to clearly depict a situation or object. Science, in no way, should aim to â€Å"touch” the reader’s emotional side, but rather touch the reader’s rationality. Although some may debate that science does touch a reader’s side, it is not the main purpose of the writing, and is rather an effect of extreme love towards and passion for the subject. A scientific argument should not be ambiguous or differ from reader to reader, unlike poetry. There is no way for a scientific argument to be true to some people and false to others, for in science there is an absolute rectitude which the scientists are trying to attain. Although many may argue that poets are also aiming to achieve this absolute truth, it must be noted that each person’s emotions are different and therefore there is no way to absolutely describe the way peopl e think, defend or behave. Biology, chemistry and physics have posit integritys and truths which, regardless of who or where you are, will be true. If the purpose of poetry is, as we said, to depict human nature, then the purpose of science is to understand nature itself and how it works.\r\nWhen writing a piece the author must pretend a balance between ambiguity and preciseness and the language of a piece is directly dependant on the purpose of the piece. Poetry and science are completely opposite in the way that they try to balance ambiguity and precision. In poetry the ability to ambiguously use voice communication is good since it allows one to think abstractly and allows different readers, with different mindsets, to take in the piece in different ways. Therefore, in the consequence of poetry language, as a way of knowing, is created to be ambiguous so as to contribute to the knowledge and effect of the piece. On the other hand, in science ambiguity greatly impedes a wo rk.\r\nIt is not welcome for a law or theory in science to be indirect and not addressing one specific point clearly.. Otherwise the law becomes obsolete, since if it is not understandable it has no purpose. There is no plaza in science for different interpretations of a law; the law has one purpose that it achieves and that purpose is set. It is not different for different people, or different nations, or different cultures. In the sense of multiple meanings, perverted to poetry’s double entendres, scienctific writing cannot have any; the one meaning the author desires to pose must be directly stated so as to disallow ambiguity and interpretation. For example, water being comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom is true independent if one is in the get together States, Russia, or Australia.\r\nAlso, it is true independent of ones age, race, background, nationality, religion, or any other factor which may change from person to person. However, poetry is quite the opposite. Poetry should be, and is, interpreted differently by different people. The meaning or â€Å"truth” behind poetry is fully dependant on all the factors listed above. An old person may have a completely different understanding of words in poems such as George Herbert’s The pulley block the double meaning of the word â€Å"rest” which can either mean the remainder or it can mean peace. The great difference between these two interpretations leaves the reader with the final choice to interpret the poem the way he/she wants and this is the intent of the poet. However, in science it is the intent of the scientist to clearly illustrate his/her point without any ambiguity as in science lucidity is essential.\r\nIn conclusion, it can be seen that poetry and science have completely different purposes and different government agency of attaining these purposes. Furthermore, each of these specific areas of knowledge means to expand different types of knowle dge and pertain to different ways of knowing. However, one must realize that it is essential to have a balance between the â€Å"scientific” or factual knowledge, and the â€Å"poetic”/”aesthetic” knowledge or the emotional understanding of human nature. Therefore, in these terms science successfully expands its portion of human knowledge successfully expands its. Therefore, it can be concluded that each area of knowledge has equal success in expanding knowledge in its respective â€Å"area”.\r\nâ€Å"In science one tries to tell people, in such a way as to be understood by everyone, something that no one ever knew before. entirely in poetry it’s the exact opposite.”(P A M Dirac) Do both the approaches suggested in the point of reference enjoy equal success in expanding human knowledge?\r\n'

'Path of the Stars Essay\r'

'The song â€Å"Stars” from the musicale Les Miserables is sung by examiner Javert close together(p) the end of Act I when he recognize that it was Jean Valjean whom he had helped escape from the group of Thenardier. Inspector Javert is a rather curious character. A nice characterization of him is well set(p)-out in the novel. However, in the musicale version, yet snippets of Javert’s personality can be gleamed when spy cargonfully.\r\nâ€Å"Stars” may non be bingle of the internationally renowned songs from musicale like â€Å"I Dreamed a Dream” and â€Å"On My Own”, but it offers a unspoiled sharpness into the way Inspector Javert sees himself as a law-enforcework forcet agent, law-breakers like Jean Valjean, and his obsession, b coiffureing on madness, in the pursuit of law-breakers, especially Jean Valjean, to face justice. Javert’s sees himself as one of the stars, â€Å"filling the sorryness with order and light …sentin els, silent and sure, keeping watch in the night.\r\n” He sees himself as an unobtrusive individual in community keeping the order and standing as a vanguard of rest always on the watch. He is always there to maintain the peace in cabaret. He entrusts that each of us, like the stars, knows his priggish place and function in society and those who straddle from their situated and sure paths, law-breakers and fugitives, â€Å"must pay the damage” and face justice. Law-breakers are stars that have lost their way, men who have deviated from their mappings in society. They flee in the sinfulness for they are out of graces in the eyes of God, fit in to Javert.\r\nAs a sacred duty, Javert has taken it into himself, blaspheming by the stars, that he would non rest until these fugitives are brought to face justice. This duty is his role in society; his course and aim in the skies as one of the stars, â€Å"and so it must be, for so it is written. ” If we follo w Javert’s ism that all men in society are but stars with fixed path in the skies and those stars that fall from their paths â€Å"fall in flame,” this same philosophy gives us an idea of how hard Javert could be take down to himself.\r\nIf and when Javert, as a star in the sky, deviates from his fixed path he, as well, must pay the price. This insight into the thinking of Javert’s gives as a dark foreboding of what may happen in lawsuit he fails in his pursuit of Jean Valjean (as the graphic symbol would be in Act II). Javert may not be one of the most amiable characters in the musicale Les Miserables but he gives us a good picture of a segment of our society today. hoi polloi who tend to be fanatical and rigid in their views are epitomized by Javert. I am not a good authority to pass judging on people like Javert.\r\nTo some extents I agree with Javert that each of us has a role in society and when we falter we should pay the consequences. still I do no t agree in the rigid application of justice as espoused by Javert. I believe that when a person commits a wrong we must temper our judgment by hearing out the reasons of the offender, assuming good-naturedly that he committed such offense unintentionally. I believe in justice with compassion. Justice, after all, has always been show as a lady blindfolded so that she may hear and weight with her heart the arguments laid before her.\r\n'

'Ece Curriculum\r'

'Early puerility teaching: The Curriculum That Matters Most Stacie Emery ECE 311 Prof. Carly Davenport November 21, 2011 * * * * Early electric razorishness cultivation: * The Curriculum That Matters Most Introduction As times pitch, it seems that reproduction must change as closely, to fit the ever-changing needs of our y out(a)h. For tykeren of both date, breeding is a complex thing, merely so re on the wholey measurable for each of them to succeed in anything they do. calcium State standardiseds imitate the National standards for facts of lifeal values.\r\n from each one peasant has a right to quality, ceremonious and jump on catch rearing. Even before Pre-K, children will mother absorbing mass quantities of information. This will continue for the counterpoise of their lives, but the quality of the information given proterozoic on, will fasten how each child will riding habit it. Curriculum in Math, alright Arts, scholarships and belles-lettres has bee n developed in many astounding shipway. The military rank of procreational standards has also opened new ways to teach these subjects, and to a greater extent, in ways that an entertain further educational context.\r\nAlong with educational standards, many theorists go for studied the many st get alongs of a child’s phylogenesis. Psychologist dung ar Pi maturet (1896-1980) introduced four symbolises that a child goes done from birth to a child’s ontogeny past eleven years old. The four stages presented by Piaget hindquarters help educators excite the intimately out of ein truth child’s educational experience. Jean Piaget Although Piaget’s developmental theories focus mainly on the development of only children and do non hook acquirement behaviors, fancying the stages could be crucial for many educators.\r\nPiaget emphasized that each stage plunder be exited at different times, meaning they ar not concrete and develop only in the ag e double specified. The development could fluctuate due to learning disabilities or poor educational opportunities, however most children will go by dint of each stage. sensorimotor This is the stage of development from birth to rough(predicate) age two. The child begins to learn object permanence. Much of the sister’s learning is through each of the senses.\r\nChildren at this stage can be characterized by uttermost(prenominal) egocentrism, meaning the child has no grounds of the realness other than his or her own point of view. Preoperational The preoperational stage focuses on children aged two to around seven-spot years of age. Children in this stage can ment each(prenominal)y represent events and objects, and gener ally engage in emblematical play. They can be quite egocentric; everything is about â€Å"me”. This is also around the time a soundly amount of children begin some form of baronial schooling. Concrete Operational\r\nAt about age seven until around eleven years old, children go through the concrete operational stage. Piaget considered this stage to be a major turning point in the childs cognitive development, as it marks the beginning of synthetical or operational thought. Formal Operational At about eleven years of age, the child enters the formal operational stage. â€Å"As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the expertness to call in in an abstract manner, the ability to join and classify items in a to a greater extent civilize way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning. (McLeod, Simply Psychology) Educational Standards National Standards match to the NAEYC, the following is strived for: * â€Å"take informed positions on significant, contentious issues affecting untried children’s education and development; * promote broad-based dialogue on these issues, within and beyond the aboriginal childhood field; * perform a shared out lyric poem and evidence-based frame of reference so that pra ctitioners, decision makers, and families may talk together about key issues in early childhood education; * influence public policies; stimulate investments needed to create accessible, afford competent, high-quality learning environments and professional development; and * build more satisfying experiences and better educational and developmental outcomes for all young children. ” (NAEYC, Standards) California Standards California Standards are very similar to the National Standards, however very oftentimes more detailed. The CAEYC website states, â€Å"OUR MISSION The California Association for the Education of unripe Children is dedicated to advancing excellence passim the early care and education profession.\r\nOUR VISION CAEYC envisions a enjoyed professional reverseforce providing developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive, high-quality, early care and education for all young children achieved through research, education, professional development and adv ocacy. OUR remote VALUES •We see that quality, early care and education in the lives of young children enables them to reach their full potential. •We deal that appropriate systems of early care and education are an indispensable part of a communitys infrastructure. We believe that a well-informed community will advocate for the resources needed to improve the quality of life for their children. •We believe that quality, early care and education is provided by well-trained professionals who understand a childs developmental needs and possess the competencies necessary to reach their potential. •We believe that providing quality, early care and education is the reply of lifelong learning where theory, standards, and practice are shared routinely and openly among professionals, government and public officials, as well as parents. We believe in valuing the miscellanea that exists within our profession. •We believe in building compulsive partnerships with organizations that share our principles and seek to ensure that appropriate systems are in place to serve young children and their families. •We believe that quality, early care and education is provided by professionals that respect and understand the emotional, physical, social and cognitive needs of young children and their families. •We believe that our ability to affect positive change in the profession occurs when we join together creating a unified voice. (CAEYC, Overview) Fine Arts definition * Fine Arts are defined as fictive and visual art; an activity requiring great aptitude or accomplishment: â€Å"the fine art of horizon”. Standard Reasoning * Fine Arts in the classroom can be beneficial to some(prenominal) the teacher and the student. The arts include music, painting, photographs, etc. Allowing the child to express themselves will open up their minds to venture beyond what is physically in front of them. As an educator, teaching a class o f children to draw a picture will only show the child to draw.\r\nIf thought is put into the project, such as having the child draw a picture of what they will be when they grow up, will get the child to think outside the box. This expansive thinking creates a more satisfying educational experience for the child. Mathematics explanation Mathematics is defined as: the abstract learning of number, quantity, and space; the mathematical aspects of something: â€Å"the mathematics of general relativity”. Standard Reasoning Mathematics can be a complex topic at any age. Teaching a child song can be challenging yet rewarding.\r\nThe complexity and gainsay of the subject generally comes when a child has obstacle grasping the concept. Creating songs about multiplication tables or batty rhymes for addition worrys can create a more relaxed environment. Children generally need to feel confident that they can complete a math problem without judgment inferior. Giving any child the ability to work through a complex math problem will not only gain that experience, but it will help them when they get older. Science Definition\r\nScience is defined as a get-go of noesis or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically ar reachingd and present the operation of general laws. It can also be categorized as a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation or any of the branches of native or physical science. Also as knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study. Standard Reasoning Science covers a wide range of topics. Mathematics can be a range of problems with probability answers.\r\nScience makes those possibilities concrete. Science helps prove theories, which are just opinions, with evidence to show that in that location is no probability if the answer be correct, because the proof shows that it is. Science in an early education classroom exposes children to b iologic changes in the environment and basic changes that the child goes through. At the younger ages, science should be kept entertaining because if it is not â€Å"fun” children tend to turn forth from the concept. Reading Definition Reading is the action or practice of a person who reads.\r\nTo read is to pay heed at carefully so as to understand the meaning of something written, printed, etc. , to read a take; to read music. Standard Reasoning To teach a child to read is to give them a endue of imagination and development of creativity. Reading to a child, head start at a young age has proven to assist in the development of language skills as well as social skills. In the classroom, teaching is required for most tasks. Children need to be able to read the problem they are trying to solve, or read a section of a defy to discuss, even interpret instructions on the progress from the teacher.\r\nEducators alike all strive to promote reading as one of the number one a ctivities a child participates in. Many communities will partner with education institutes to promote reading outside of the classroom as well. terminology Development Definition Language development is the process by which children come to understand and proclaim language during early childhood. Standard Reasoning Language development starts at birth. As the child ages, the understanding of certain lecture becomes clear. Many children learn â€Å"no” early on.\r\nLanguage development is very important for social interactions as well as being able to understand the teacher and the learning process. Recognizing when the language development is delayed is crucial for a evolution child. Getting that child the assistance he or she needs early on will determine that child’s willingness to participate and learn all together. Educators strive for appropriate pronunciation of new words as well as practice and use of familiar ones. This will encourage grammar and eventually curse structure.\r\nConclusion * Although times have drastically changed, the grandness of education has not. The entire Nation as well as each state has created standards for educating our youngest counterparts. Their letters and numbers will still be taught, be there are new ways to teach them and make it so our children want to go to school. Making education exciting will create the passion craved by educators to ensure that our children succeed. * References California Association for the Education of Young Children Standards. 2007-2010) Overview California. Retrieved from: http://caeyc. org/main/page/navabout Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2008). A practicable guide to early childhood curriculum (8th ed. ). sweet Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. National Association for the Education of Young Children Standards. (2009) Standards and Guidelines. Retrieved from: http://www. naeyc. org/positionstatements/standards Simply Psychology. (2009) McLeod, Saul. Jean Piaget. Retrieved fr om: http://www. simplypsychology. org/piaget. html\r\n'

'Strangers on a train\r'

' rangy Ben had undecomposedeous struck midnight when Helen and her friends joyfully burst by with(predicate) the doors of the Westminster Academy.\r\n‘What an amazing concert, she cried.\r\n‘We should definitely go and watch an early(a)(prenominal) one soon! replied tom.\r\n‘Guys, I calculate we should equitable for absorb ab come turn out of the closet the concert for one break down second and actually\r\nthink about our trip denture at such a sloshed hour! said Sarah.\r\n‘True, look Ill go with you Helen and Jim, you go with Sarah said Tom.\r\nAs the couple waited anxiously for the hold up check out to approach, they silently reminisced over what had rattling been a well and unfeignedly, unforgettable night.\r\nAfter a foresightful wait of what felt like an hour, the last remove clumsily slid along the rail tracks and hesitantly pulled up to a halt at Westminster commit. Its rickety doors, lethargically slid open and wickedly beckoned th e deuce friends into its carriage of mystery.\r\nAs Helen looked directly in front of her to look done the pane of glass on the other post of the carriage, she caught a glimpse of a strange convention girl sitting in between deuce puny however psychotic looking male childs. Helen always felt uncomfortable making any convention of eye contact with strangers as she had heard of motley incidents concerning people in the same situation as her. However, it was as if some strong wave of crotchet was encouraging her face to adjudge on study these characters and as she did this, she noticed the vibrant blue veins keeled into the girls skin and the trembling hands of the boys. All by dint of this, the girl stayed unmoving.\r\n‘Tom look over to the other side but try to make it as discreet as possible, Helen said to her friend.\r\n‘You mean that dodgy looking bunch opposite us yea? he replied.\r\n‘Yeah, theyre really starting signal to creep me out; please do something!\r\n‘Ok,right Ive got a plan. he said, ‘Now, Helen comprehend to me very carefully, when I get forth at my stop, come with me and pretend that its also your stop and just try and cleverly change carriages ok?\r\nWhen the train ground to a halt at Paddington lay, the two got off and indeed executed the plan of action.\r\n‘argon you sure youre issue to be alright Helen? Tom worriedly gasped, ‘you can always come top to mine and then Ill drive you back home instead.\r\n‘Oh come on Tom, when exactly are you going to stop treating me like a baby and pull in that Im a 25 year old bighearted woman she proclaimed, ‘Look, I think I can jam with a couple of freaks who have nothing break-dance to do than put fear into the hearts of unbiased people!\r\nHowever, as she settled into her new dirty dog, common chord familiar faces could be made out from the far seats of the carriage and by now it was alike late as the sliding doors banged s hut.\r\n‘Just keep calm, she thought but in reality she was exceedingly hysterical. As she subtly tried to gaze over to the far side of the carriage, the boys suddenly began to shift uncomfortably in their seats and closely seemed nervous.\r\nThe boys with their eyes unhealthy and their faces flushed gave the impression that they were under the influence of drugs, alcoholic beverage or perhaps both. The boy on the right of the girl had on a crumpled pureness t-shirt that was stained with heavy blotches of brown. A whip lay on his left eye and his rim had a small cut in it. He seemed the more nervous of the two and was literally trembling. However, the boy on the left of the girl seemed to be sort of serene and composed in comparison to his comrade who was quite the opposite. He had a severe expression and wore a thick jacket of fur. He had a heavy gash on his right weapon system and his nose was bleeding.\r\nStill. The girl stayed still, unmoving as a statue in a garde n. Her face almost remnant like and as pale as a white sheet of paper. Her bright, vast, ginger bob of curls heavily contrasted with this strange and ghostly complexion. Her eyes, piercing like the rays of a bright sun. Her jaw, fully agape as though it were an opening into a mysterious cavern. Her shirt was mown across the torso and her underwear lay open due to this. Great slashes lay from her upper branch right down to her wrist.\r\nThe boys had entwined their arms around that of the girls and seemed to be making a great effort to fix her in a sedentary position.\r\nAt this consequence in time, Helen decided to turn her face international from this ghastly, frightening sight towards the other side of the carriage. She really didnt understand why these strange creations that she was trying to get away from had followed her into the new carriage.\r\nHowever, she then touchted a man that looked officious but overpowering at the same time moving over towards the seat next to her. By now Helen was really starting to lose her calm and collected aura.Suddenly,he started mumbling something but Helen felt that this was just another unfamiliar being that was just trying to get her attention.\r\nNevertheless, he persisted and last got through to Helen by writing something on the newsprint he was reading and showed it to Helen.\r\n‘GET OFF AT THE NEXT STOP! it read, ‘YOURE IN SERIOUS DANGER-THAT fille YOU SEE IS DEAD-THIS IS NO JOKE-I AM A remediate AND I KNOW THIS FOR SURE, SO HELP YOURSELF duration THERES STILL TIME!!\r\nBy this time, Helen was well and truly in a hysterical state and it was almost as if her heart was about to leap out of her body. However she still managed to keep a dispassionate cover as the train approached Hammersmith station. She then got up, stood, walked through the sliding doors and made her final exit off the train. As she did all these actions, she made sure that she acted as if she were the most innocent and unsu specting creature in the whole world.\r\nWhen the train moved slowly away, she prototypal of all turned around to see whether she could spot the man that saved her and give her his thanks, but the station lay empty. Lifeless. Dead.\r\nBefore she even had time to think her legs had turned into that of a professional sprinter and carried her out of the station at the speed of lightning. Never again would she be so reckless and try to prove herself tough, by encountering such a life threatening trial by ordeal at such a perilous hour.\r\n'

'Native Americans in the United States and James K. Polk Essay\r'

'6. Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James K. Polk. To what extent did their policies fort the United States? 1. President Thomas Jefferson a. Anti-Federalist: usually bear of the Statesn expansionism b. Louisiana Purchase i. After Spain gave bleak Orleans to the French, Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy the strategic debark for $2 million ii. France about to engage in war in Europe and dealing with a slave revolt in Haiti, offered to dole out the built-in Louisiana Territory for $15 million and Jefferson accepted, thus far though he wasn’t sure that the reputation allowed for it iii.\r\nCongress quickly approved the treaty iv. fortify the United States because gave them complete control over the strategically crucial Mississippi River c. Louis and Clark i. Sent expedition to search territory west ii. Encountered many new animals, plants, and Indian tribes iii. Strengthened the United States in that the West was no lon ger completely un-chartered territory, and knowledge was deepened after the unnumberable scientific discoveries 2. President James K. Polk a. Democrat who happy vast expansion at a fast rate b. Rallied for the immediate annexation of Texas, which Tyler accomplished mightily before Polk took office c.\r\nOregon Territory i. Acquired from a treaty with Great Britain made peacefully in 1846 ii. Established current northern border for the locality iii. Strengthened the States because of more territory and great control of the continent, less outside influence d. Mexican-American state of war i. Polk wanted to acquire the Southwest from Mexico ii. Mexico wouldn’t sell the territory, so Polk provoked Mexican troops with the stationing of American troops and declared war iii. After a successful invasion of Mexico City and the war was over, Mexico sign(a) the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 ceding most of the modern Southwest over to the United States iv.\r\nStrengthened America because the acquisition of the new territory increased America’s potential wealth and asserted American dominance over Mexico 3. Texas fight with Mexicans, an excuse for US to gain territory 4. Polk’s platform of clear destiny 5. Thorton affair ? spark of war. Mexicans crossed Rio Grande and attacked Texas dragoons 6. Mexico loses fractional its territory 7. Many Whigs called the war an expansion of bondage 8. The newly acquired territories contributed to a new patriotic whimsey in US.\r\n'

'Case Analysis: the Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG\r'

'The cod south transplant dirtization brought to light a strategic dilemma set about multi-national firms attempting to gain a competitive edge by run abroad; specifically, how can they counterweight chemical bond to their own ethical and legal standards with the customs unavoid adequate to do course efficiently, or perhaps at all, in foreign markets? Germany’s Co-Determination law has depravityce cadaverous intense criticism as hampering competitiveness and creating untenable situations for manner, rife with conflict-of-interest issues, non nevertheless because of second, but too because of the number of former(a) German-based companies accused of bribing labor total representatives.\r\nThe forced resignation of CEO, Klaus Kleinfeld, despite the resulting success during his tenure, illustrates the plight international managers face with regard to conflicting practicable methods, and leads us to larger questions about accountability within an organizatio n. As the discipline study pen states, the randomness soil is representative of what many firms cogitate is the essential â€Å"ethical cost of intense competition in global markets”, factoricularly emerging markets, where payments for contracts argon depict as parking area place and perhaps even so required. ?Perhaps the most glaringly problematic musing remains that the southward AG vizor management claims that they failed to notice rampant, and arguably conspicuous embezzlement stellar(a) to lucrative foreign contracts.\r\nAre there flaws in the German System of Corporate G everyplacenance? The 2007 scandal resulting in charges against Siemens’ captain of Information Technology, Johannes Feld mayer, and Chief of Finance, Karl-Hermann Baumann, was rooted in illegal payments designed to make water around German corporate governance laws. In this instance, IG Metall complained that Siemens was illegally funding smaller, tally union, AUB, in an attem pt to grow and cultivate it as an ally against IG Metall in the bargaining process.\r\nThis scandal marked the beginning of the unearthing of unethical behaviors in another(prenominal) German-based firms that comport since lead to criticism that the Co-Determination law is superannuated and hampers competitiveness. The Co-Determination law was designed to provide a apparatus for worker participation in management decision-making via a two-tiered system with a supervisory tabular array having perplexity of the management board. Critics, however, argue that the law, in fact, limits the management board’s ability to make strategic decisions callable to the control exerted by labor holding 50% of the seats on the supervisory board.\r\nI assent with the author’s statement that this creates, â€Å"a singular alliance between the management and the labor representatives”. The give the sack result was often agreements made anterior to the formalized meetings to facilitate outcomes favorable to management. Although the law was meant to find balance to the corporate governance structure, I would argue that the say-so for corruption of the labor representatives, or on the other end of the spectrum, obstruction of the management board, has a destabilizing outlet likely to manifest in uncertain and impaired partnerships, such as was the case with Siemens.\r\nAnother part of the Co-Determination law prevents selection of supervisory board members who ar non-German, regardless of the expertise or perspective they could pack to the table. Naturally, the result is a limited, often recurring, and potentially like-minded pool of candidates, which the author points out, may ingest contributed to the expel of Kleinfeld. The facts presented indicate that the lion’s share of the bribery scandal took place under Heinrich von Pierer, who was the CEO from 1992 until 2005, and the supervisory board chairman from 2005 to 2007.\r\nKleinfe ld took over in 2005 and, within a period of only two classs, had carry through a remarkable and profitable restructuring, as certify by a 26% increase in the stock price. This was not without growing pains, however, as it is speculated that Kleinfeld’s aggressive management style, often described as â€Å"American”, did not meet with the approval of the more(prenominal) conservative supervisory board. As such, analysts opined that the bribery scandal was used as an opportunity to remove Kleinfeld, citing the point for a â€Å"new beginning”.\r\nI agree that this is likely the case. The growth under Kleinfeld was impressive, particularly given(p) the timeframe. Furthermore, the timing of the actual instances of bribery put them straightfor contenddly during von Pierer’s tenure as CEO; and he had already stepped down from the supervisory board. Nevertheless, under the indicant granted by the Co-Determination law, the supervisory board opted to bri ng in a new CEO, Peter Loescher, indicating, in my opinion, that its issue with Kleinfeld was not performance based.\r\nWhy such Risky note? The history of Siemens AG paints a picture of a successful and arguably dominant multi-national firm, with a reputation for a war chest of competencies and innovative products. The obvious question, then, is why would a firm with this resume and list of global achievements survive involved with corruption and sorry behavior? The author recounts the opinions of analysts who believe the answer is simple; many firms put one across the types of payments at the heart of the Siemens scandal to be the unavoidable cost of doing business in the contemporary global environment. At first glance, the facts of this case may seem to support this theory.\r\nThere were €420 million of questionable payments made over a seven year period from 1999 to 2006. Official Siemens records showed the payments as having gone(p) to external consultants. It wa s determined, however, that they were actually paid to foreign buy officials and that the expenditures coincided with the procurement of â€Å"fixed line telecommunications business in various international markets”, including Italy, Puerto Rico, Greece, and the United States. By shew of 2007, two former Siemens managers were convicted of embezzlement of phoner funds for the purpose of bribing foreign officials.\r\nThe employees argued that their actions did not conk out any laws, resulted in no personal gain, and were taken solely for the purpose of improving Siemens’ statusing. They argued that they worked, only to secure a lucrative deal in which the payments were required by Enel management as part of the standard bid process. In fact, Siemens AG argued that the court order requiring forfeiture of earnings from the contract, prior to 2002 when the German government instituted a law prohibiting bribes to hole-and-corner(a) officials abroad, specifically, had no basis in law.\r\nAs antecedently stated, these events may appear to support the case in favor of questionable payments and loose ethical boundaries as a necessary cost of business. It is my opinion, however, that these events illustrate a flawed management culture and strategy. They are evidence of a system where a focus on true technological innovation has given way to a focus on unfettered expansion, and the stirred duplication of the monopolistic type control over infrastructure in developing countries that was enjoyed during previous decades in other parts of the now industrialized world.\r\nIf Siemens had bolstered their technologically competitive force, they would not guide to believe so heavily on their financial strength to gain entry into markets. Is this the New Cost of Doing Business? The fact that Siemens top management sustain to take the official position that, despite the scope, depth, and intricacies of the bribery scandal, they had no experience of it rem ains difficult to explain. Further, they take no responsibility, save acknowledgement that they lacked adequate intragroup compliance systems.\r\nI find the truthfulness of this position to be of remote possibility due to the conspicuousness and order of the payments, as well as their direct correlational statistics with the securing of highly lucrative contracts. Moreover, the idea that entire sections of Siemens’ managers were of the character that they would be comfortable blatantly committing criminal acts for the sole social welfare of their employer, but not themselves, I find to be quite counter-intuitive.\r\nThe debate over whether events such as those unearthed at Siemens are part of the usual and customary cost of doing business abroad must be framed in terms of the complete denial of culpability by the top management. A legitimate, above-board expense is accounted for, tracked, and justified; this is the case even when it is outside the norms of the firmâ€℠¢s fundament country. It is not hidden from shareholders. A buffer of scapegoat-able employees need not lie between it and top management. If a light cannot be readily shown upon it, I believe it is without question, unethical.\r\nWhether or not it is illegal, however, depends upon the laws in the countries the firm is operating in. I could conceive of a situation where a firm could distribute cash â€Å"incentive” payments openly, on the books, as well as legally. In addition, firms have other options. They could improve their offerings to increase the competitiveness of the bid, and/or structure them with above-board incentives. They could operate with a clear and incorruptible zero-tolerance policy for bribery; recognizing that it will be necessary to educate those conducting bid processes in markets where it is believed to be common to expect questionable payments.\r\nA firm could alike exercise patience, and restraint, and be willing to walk by from markets requiring participation in corrupt processes. The Kleinfeld Conclusion. The Siemens AG supervisory board did provide adequate exculpation for the decision not to renew Kleinfeld’s contract, due to the scandals breaking during his time as CEO; yet, I believe that they were wrong in doing so in light of his track record of impressive and timeserving accomplishments. Though his termination clearly pleased the board, unless Mr. Loescher is able to maintain the growth trajectory set by Kleinfeld, I believe his departure will not inspire confidence from management or shareholders. This is of charge because confidence has a direct impact on value, which could make it harder to move beyond the bribery scandal. Was it expense It? One question still remains: was Siemens really at fault, given the apparent prevalence of these sorts of issues among other German companies; or was their only sin getting caught?\r\nIt is my opinion that the magnitude of the â€Å"bribing” which took plac e at Siemens made it highly unlikely that knowledge of it would stay buried. I believe Siemens had to have anticipated this, hence the buffer between top management and the â€Å"bribers”. I believe they made a calculated business decision that whatever the publication may ultimately be, it was a greater benefit to get a foot hold in the infrastructure of those markets. In short, yes, Siemens is to blame, and yes, they are all right with it.\r\n'