Managing A Personal Computer :: essays research papers

Managing A Personal Computer1.1 The AUTOEXEC.BAT file is one of files which lashings every time the computer is booted. It contains overtop lines and procedures to overflow programs and load settings for the systems hardware and software configuration. It also may contain command lines procedures to run programs which may clean your systems hard drive of temporary files and viruses. An example of this file is shown belowECHO OFFPROMPT $P$GSET PATH=CDOSLH CSBCDDRVMSCDEX.EXE /S /DMSCD001 /M8 /VSET BLASTER=A220 I5 D1 T4SET belong=CSBPROCMOUSEMMOUSE.COMThe first line of this batch file, ECHO OFF, is programme command which hides each the command lines procedures from the user. The second line is also a programming command that configures the CUI command prompt. The parameters after PROMPT tell the CUI what to show. The $P stands for current drive and path and $G stands for the greater than sign (>). Apart from those two parameters, a user can add any characters after PROMPT and itll be shown as the command prompt. The next command configures the CUI to search for files in that directory first onwards looking in its current location. The SET and PATH command procedures, even though different commands, are used in conjunction to configure CUI environs variables and the parameters displayed after that are what the CUI will search in first. The next command is loading DOSs compact disc read-only memory drive letter allocater (The CD-Rom device driver must be loaded first in the CONFIG.SYS). The parameters after the executable file inform the CUI to allocate a particular drive letter for the CD-Rom and also may inform the CUI to allocate extended memory or how to read the CD-Rom in terms of speed and sectors. The LH configures the CUI to load this command procedure in high or extended memory.The next command procedure allocates the Interrupt and Drive Memory allocation for the systems telephone card as well as informing the CUI of the sound cards input/outpu t range. The next command procedure informs the CUI to look for all the drivers for the sound card in its parameters which will be a directory on the hard disk.The last command loads the driver for the mouse. This command procedure doesnt need any parameters and is just a single command procedure telling the CUI to load that executable file.1.2 A Batch File Which Asks For User stimulationecho offclsIF "%1"=="C" GOTO DRIVEIF "%1"=="D" GOTO DRIVEif "%1"=="c" goto driveif "%1"=="d" goto drive

Spinning Misconceptions :: Break Dancing Culture Essays

Spinning Misconceptions The music pounded loudly on the dance floor as plenty stood in a circle. Nodding my head to the beat, I stepped out and did a fewer dance steps before I went down to the ground. On my work force and legs, I began walking rounds to the beat, throwing in a pocket-sized bit of flare to it all, as much flare as I could think of. A few moments into the step, I jumped onto my hands and twisted my legs in the air. Freeze So far, the crowd seemed silent they just casually watched me mess around as if I was devising a fool of myself, for it looked so simple to them. After some more dance steps, I jumped onto my right forearm and split my legs in the air above my head. Freeze number deuce The hard-to-please crowd gave little response. I find it very difficult to dance to a crowd who shows such little response neither positive nor negative feedback. So I jumped into the move that they gave their attention to see. I did a windmill I rolled around on the floor as I swung my legs around in the air. The crowd finally gave me cheers of satisfaction. From the few years I learned about the head for the hills-dancing culture, I discovered a drastic difference between the popular view of the dance and an actual break-dancers view. Most misperceive the dance to be a bag of day-dream aerobic tricks however, the dance is more than that, for it includes the profound creative expression that makes it a unique portion of the hip hop culture. The first response I recover from people when I say that I break-dance is the emphasis on reel on the head or just plain old spinning around. Flares (a gymnastic move where the dancer swings his legs around with only arms as support), head-spins, and other flashy moves are the main thing people associate with break dancing. What, break-dance? What, you can spin on your head? is an extremely common response. When people watch any type of breaking, they anticipate the showy stuff. Most bewilder a superficial v iew of the dance and lack the profound appreciation for the art and culture. I find that people unconsciously categorize the dance into two parts moves they think they can do, and moves they wished they could do.

Aquaria In Relation To Science :: essays research papers

The hobby of search keeping is much more difficult than it seems. It is in like manner directly dependant on science. The bacterial cycle is one aspect related to science. As is how different filters work. Water conditions such as temperature, ph, and salinity bend a big role in successful fish keeping as well. Science and Fish keeping go hand in hand.When a tank is first started fish waste and excess food begins to decompose at the bottom. One type of bacteria breaks it down to ammonium hydroxide, which is highly poisonous to fish. whence a second type of bacteria breaks down the ammonia to nitrites, nitrites atomic number 18 also moderately poisonous to fish in small amounts. Lastly a third type of bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates which are not harmful to fish but build up to toxic amounts generally within a a few(prenominal) months. That is wherefore 20% water changes every two weeks is essential to healthy fish keeping. It generally takes a tank 21 age to cycle. D uring those 21 days there are 3 days where the ammonia spikes to a large amount and 2 days later on when nitrites spike generally. There are 2 types of filtration for fish tanks biological and mechanical. Biological is what I spoke about in the previous paragraph. Those bacteria grow best on objects besides gravel. That is why having plastic plants and other dcor in the tank doesnt just make the tank look nice but also give the bacteria a better place to grow. Mechanical filtration aids in biological filtration in two ways, the water is filtered through a medium that helps dissolve the ammonia and nitrites into smaller pieces easier for the bacteria to convert, and filter out bigger objects from the water such as excess food. Generally the filter media is activated carbon within a floss cartridge.The ph value in a tank doesnt generally matter for basic to medium aquarium hobbyist. As long as it is between 6.5 and 7.2, ph ranges from acidic to base water. Some fish however like highe r more acidic ph values, where as some fish are very stressed in acidic water and are more susceptible to disease and death. Temperature is very important to maintain to a genuine extent. Most tropical and salt-water fish enjoy temperatures from 68F-78F. It is essential to have a heater in your tank to maintain the temperature. Salinity is important to monitor lizard and control in salt water tanks.

Akbar The Great Essay example -- Religious History

Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar was born on October 14, 1542 in Sindh. In 1540, his father Humayun was forced into exile by Afghan leader Sher Shah and Akbar had to spend his childhood in Afghanistan with his uncle. His childhood was spent in fighting and running instead of learning how to read and write, though he was truly interested in art, architecture, music and literature. His father, Humayun, died when Akbar was very young and Akbar was crowned a Mughal emperor around the age of thirteen or fourteen. He was a Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605. Under his rule the Mughals had nearly of the Indian subcontinent under their power. Akbar did not consolidate his power until he successfully won two battles, one which was with the descendants of Sher Shah Suri and the other one was with the Hindu tabby Hemu of Panipat. Before he consolidated his power Akbar was assisted and advised by Bahram Khan in running the affairs of the country. Bahram Khan was soon removed and Akbar fr eed himself from outdoor(a) influences and ruled supreme. In order to preserve unity of the Mughal Empire, he had adopted many programs that won the hearts and loyalty of the Muslims and non-Muslim people of his realm. Along with his numerous troops conquests, he had introduced a sequence of reforms to help consolidate his power. One of the great known reforms of Akbar was his religious tolerance aimed at Hindu-Muslim unification through the introduction of a new religion known as Din-i-Ilahi. His tolerance is said to be influenced by a great Sufi leaders and his surrounding of people with bounteous views, which this paper is going to explore how Akbars religious tolerant policies were a direct result of his influence by Sufism and the concept of Solh-... .... http//www.biography.com/people/akbar-the-great-9178163Pritchett, Frances . Religion at Akbars Court . Columbia University in the City of New York. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2012. . Garbe, Richard Von. Akbar, emperor of india. S.l. General Books, 2010. Print.Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2012. .Din-i Ilahi. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 May. 2012 . Ghodratollahi, Eshan . Akbar, The tenet of Shol-i-Khol and Hindu-Muslim Relations. Journal of Religious Thought A Quarterly of Shiraz University 21 (2007) n. pag. Archive of SID. Web. 2 May 2012.

When the Scientist turns Philosopher :: Science Philosophy Papers

When the Scientist turns PhilosopherThis paper examines how such fundamental notions as causality and determinism obligate undergone changes as a direct result of empirical discoveries. Although such notions are often regarded as metaphysical or a priori concepts, experimental discoveries at the author of this centuryradioactive decay, blackbody radiation and spontaneous emissionled to a direct questioning of the notions of causality and determinism. Experimental evidence suggests that these two notions moldiness be separated. Causality and indeterminism are compatible with the behavior of quantum-mechanical systems. The argument also sheds some light on the Duhem-Quine thesis, since experimental results at the periphery of the conceptual arrangement directly affect conceptions at the very core. I.Ever since Thomas S. Kuhn pointed out the importance of the history of science for the philosophy of science, it has become customary for philosophers of science to frequent their philo sophical considerations by appeal to real-life science. From the often historical material the philosopher seeks evidence for some general principles about the nature of science. If there is a common rule between science and philosophy, as many writers have affirmed, (1) it must also be possible to go from science to philosophy. This is indeed what some of the greatest scientific minds throughout the centuries have attempted to do. Their reflections fall into the oldest branches of philosophical thinking ontology or the question of what the basic constituents of nature are epistemology or the question by which tools the sympathetic mind can acquire knowledge about the external world ethics or the question of what moral responsibility scientists have with respect to their discoveries.In such contributions, scientists, prompted by the most recent discoveries in their respective fields, provide interpretations of science and the natural world and thereby contribute to their understand ing. The heartbeat of science is at its most philosophical rhythm when major conceptual revisions or revolutions are afoot and scientists feel the need to go beyond the mathematical expressions of natural processes to light upon a level of understanding which assigns some physical meaning to the mathematical comprehension of the natural world or offers a re-interpretation of the nature of the scientific enterprise. What is enkindle in this process from a philosophical point of view is that empirical facts filter through to the conceptual level and bring about changes in the charge the world is conceptualised. Old notions are discarded by new experiences, as Max Born once said. The common territory between science and philosophy lies in this interaction between facts and concepts.

When the Scientist turns Philosopher :: Science Philosophy Papers

When the Scientist turns PhilosopherThis paper examines how such fundamental notions as causality and determinism consume undergone changes as a direct result of observational discoveries. Although such notions are often regarded as meta somatogenic or a priori concepts, experimental discoveries at the beginning of this centuryradioactive decay, blackbody radiation and self-produced emissionled to a direct questioning of the notions of causality and determinism. Experimental evidence suggests that these two notions must be separated. Causality and indeterminism are compatible with the conduct of quantum-mechanical systems. The argument also sheds some light on the Duhem-Quine thesis, since experimental results at the periphery of the abstract scheme directly affect conceptions at the very core. I. ever so since Thomas S. Kuhn flushed out the importance of the history of science for the philosophy of science, it has become customary for philosophers of science to support their p hilosophic considerations by appeal to real-life science. From the often historic material the philosopher seeks evidence for some general principles astir(predicate) the nature of science. If there is a common territory between science and philosophy, as many writers have affirmed, (1) it must also be possible to go from science to philosophy. This is indeed what some of the greatest scientific minds throughout the centuries have attempted to do. Their reflections fall into the oldest branches of philosophical thinking ontology or the question of what the basic constituents of nature are epistemology or the question by which tools the human mind can acquire knowledge about the external world ethics or the question of what moral responsibility scientists have with respect to their discoveries.In such contributions, scientists, prompted by the most recent discoveries in their respective fields, provide interpretations of science and the natural world and thereby contribute to their understanding. The heartbeat of science is at its most philosophical rhythm when major conceptual revisions or revolutions are afoot and scientists feel the need to go beyond the mathematical expressions of natural processes to reach a level of understanding which assigns some physical meaning to the mathematical comprehension of the natural world or offers a re-interpretation of the nature of the scientific enterprise. What is interesting in this process from a philosophical point of view is that empirical facts filter through to the conceptual level and bring about changes in the way the world is conceptualised. Old notions are discarded by refreshing experiences, as Max Born once said. The common territory between science and philosophy lies in this interaction between facts and concepts.

High Altitude Living Low Altitude Training Essay

Altitude educate describes procreation physical exertion by athletes educational activity in oxygen deprive conditions for several weeks to increase their performance endurance. Often, there are aggrandizements training camps strategically designed for this objective (Geiser, Vogt, Billeter, Zuleger, Belforti & Hoppeler, 2001). Altitude training further entails simulated or subjective overhead railway conditions in the training course often as a precursor to a major competition event. The conditions are maintained while the training athlete is in the training process, during exercises and while at rest. in spite of this, pinnacle training strategy exposes the athlete to hypoxia, low oxygen pressure, thereby resulting to hypoxemia, tissue oxygenation and inflict blood.The history of living high altitude and training low altitude traces to 2400m altitude Mexicos 1968 Olympic Games. During the event, enduring athletes such as in the 10,000 and 3,000 m marathons could not set new records and their performance declined whiles the sprinter athletes succeeded (Rusko, Leppvuori, Mkel, & Leppluoto, 2010). Altitude hypoxia condition explained this. It was known to decimate human beings aerobic performance.Consequently, coaches, athletes and sports consultants adopted altitude training camps to acclimatize competition. Implementing altitude training was observed as well as to altitudes. Experts argued that, in endurance performance, the volume of total red blood cells was paramount. This was confirmed by observational tests involving manipulation of human blood (Stray-Gundersen, Chapman, & Levine, 2012). Therefore, the higher the volume of an athletes red blood cells, the faster the performance of an athlete probably is during the triathlon. However, it is commonly observed that altitude training has improved the performance and endurance of multiple athletes but still others do not. So, how comes altitude training does not induce the consistency in positiv e results?Scientific empirical evidences suggest astronomical variant individual adaptive responses to this training concept. In addition, altitude tolerance exposure determinants are also poorly understood (Tiollier, Schmitt, Burnat, Fouillot, Robach, Filaire, et al., 2005). Moreover, hypoxia condition training at a practical level as the training intensity management is a principal problem. infra such conditions, maximal exercise capacity of an athlete reduces drastically. High living and low training concept arose to improve on the defects of altitude training. It involves sleeping or living at high altitude thereby stimulating increase in volume of red blood cells while training at sea level to conserve an athletes training intensity. This helps to overcome multiple training related problems while posting consistent adaptations.Besides, living high and training low at low altitude triggered renal hormone erythropoietin (EPO) secretion (Wilber, 2013). In turn, the hormone stimu lates the synthesis of red blood cells provided there is sufficient altitude dose. Therefore, the high altitude living low altitude training rationale in sporting events was founded on a combination of altitude and rigorous practice to boost the volume of red blood cells. In so doing, there was a boost in an athletes endurance performance. Based on this finding, several hypoxic facilities across the worldwide have been established by various sports federations over the years.In addition, numerous amateur, elite and professional athletes across the world training in low altitudes prior to major events have been observed to set new fetes (Wilber, 2013). This confirms the high altitude living and low altitude training hypothesis. Despite this, numerous accurately controlled scientific researches do not exhibit systematic assertive results of the hypothesis on athletes endurance performance.Despite the anecdotes, altitude training results over the years produced majority positive perfor mance results among athletes. Assertive endurance results by elite athletes who posted world-class records over the years infix a strong case to adapt classical altitude training.ReferencesGeiser, J., Vogt, M., Billeter, R., Zuleger, C., Belforti, F., & Hoppeler, H. (2001). rearing High Living Low Changes of Aerobic Performance and Muscle Structure with Training at Simulated Altitude. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(8), 579-585.Rusko, H. K., Leppvuori, A., Mkel, P., & Leppluoto, J. (2010). Living High, Training Low A New Approach To Altitude Training At sea Level In Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27(Supplement), S6.Stray-Gundersen, J., Chapman, R. F., & Levine, B. D. (2012). Living High Training Low Altitude Training Improves Sea Level Performance In Male And Female Elite Runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 12(1), 60-61.Tiollier, E., Schmitt, L., Burnat, P., Fouillot, J., Robach, P., Filaire, E., et al. (2005). Livin g hightraining low altitude training cause on mucosal immunity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 298-304.Wilber, R. L. (2013). Pro Live High+Train Low Does Improve Sea Level Performance beyond that Achieved with the Equivalent Living and Training at Sea Level. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 14(4), 325-327.Source document

Value Alignment: The Pepsi Company

Organizations need strategic planning to have better possibilities in achieving success. Part of creating a strategic plan that fit an shaping is aligning its determine with what the organization wants to accomplish and how is achieve. In this paper, Learning Team B uses the Pepsi guild as the organization of topic. Team B will discourse the evolution of personal value as well as the set at the workplace. Also the paper includes how the set of each individual affects actions and behaviors, the alignment of the Pepsi Company determine with its plans and actions, and how our values as a team earth-closet be reflective in the Pepsi Company.Coke and PepsiIn a family setting, p bents teach their children to value certain things whether it is sensual or mental. You be taught the difference between what is right and what is wrong. To value something is to determine its worth or regard, such as a life or property and in phone line, the products and services rendered to the custom ers. Value expresses what is important to a person. Throughout life people use what they have learned in an effort to shape their communities, schools as well as social organizations creating an environment that has high hopes for a better way of living.Because of the amount of time people spend in the workplace, they should be obligated for setting the tone for the type of behavior displayed throughout the organization. Oftentimes, organizations are held responsible for setting the legal, moral, and ethical codes for the workplace when the employees determine how they will behave. Developing codes of business values and ethics are increasing in businesses and professional associations to ensure ethical standards are consistent throughout the business industry (Pearce & Robinson, 2009).Personal and workplace values should in many ways be the same. A person should value and display the same type of behavior in his personal and business lifestyles. The controlling reputation a perso n demonstrates personally should be displayed as well in the professional arena. Businesses should value their customers, investors, and workers because these are the individuals who help grow organization and agree it competitive in its product market. Everyone has personal values. Those values can be very influential in their actions and behaviors.Some personal values can be excellence, improvement, credibility, individuality, responsibility, respect, loyalty, empathy, courage, wisdom, security, teamwork, and empowerment. There are many other personal values that can drive a persons actions. Values can have an wedge on how an individual make decisions, how he works, how someone reacts to problems, and what products he buys or uses. The Pepsi Company states, Our Values & Philosophy are a reflection of the socially and environmentally responsible company we aspire to be. They are the foundation for every business decision we make (PepsiCo, 2012).Pepsi makes it clear that their val ues reflectt their decision making. This is how individuals are as well. When a person has the values of loyalty, and respect he will be the type that will buy or use products from whom he knows are fair. This is what many companies extend to find within its customers. Knowing the customers values can be very helpful to a company. Pepsi Company alignment balances it values and its plans and actions. The Pepsi care statement states Our mission is to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and drinkings.We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we scat. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity (PepsiCo Inc. , 2012). As for the Pepsi vision statement states PepsiCo responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. Because Pepsi has designed this statement for their company they stand behind it by offering tasting food nd crapulence to its customers all over the world. Pepsi offers a great product but also its offer great opportunities for it employees, business owners, and the rest of the community.In order for Pepsi to meet these values and plans they put in place the guiding principles for their company as well. These six guiding principles are Care for our customers, our consumers, and the world we live in. Sell only products we can be proud of. Speak with truth and candor. Balance short term and long term. Win with diversity and inclusion. Respect others and succeed together. ( PepsiCo, 2012) Each of these principles is what makes Pepsi what it is today. Logistics and operations are core to PepsiCos success (PepsiCo. , 2012). Employees who share backgrounds, such as a military fit well at PepsiCo, a merit and performance establish company with a focus on leadership and teams (PepsiCo Inc. 2012). Chad, one of our teammates can relate with that statement. Because of his prior service it speaks to him because he was a leader in the Army, and he has a level of respect for a company like PepsiCo.At the same time PepsiCo realizes that people are its greatest asset (Durkin, 2012). It is important to us that our personal and workplace values be closely connected to those of the company we work for. The values that PepsiCo strives for are the same values that were ingrained for Chad as a member of the United States Army. It is satisfying to work for a company whose values are aligned with those of an individual. Though our values are aligned, it is most imperative that those values are upheld in PepsiCos plans and actions and not just in their words or statements.PepsiCo must ensure to have leaders who hold individuals accountable to the values of the company. Individuals values can determine how actions will be perform. Values show how a n individual personality is through his behavior. The Pepsi Company is one of the best in the beverage industry. Its products are popular but also the company values are exceptional. The Pepsi Company provides a great balance between its values, and the impact that causes to its employees and the community. All those are factors that support the creation of a strategic plan effective for the organization.ReferencesDurkin, Tom (2012). Profiles of PepsiCo JMO. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Careers/Junior-Military-Officers/Profiles.htmlPearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B.,(2009). Strategic management Formulation, implementation, and control. (11thed.). New York, NY. McGraw-Hill.PepsiCo Inc. (2012). Our Mission and Vision. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Company/Our-Mission-and-Vision.htmlPepsiCo Inc. (2012). PepsiCo Values & Philosophy. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Company/PepsiCo-Values-and-Philosophy.html

Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Literature Essay

AbstractChild familiar call out (CSA) is a hidden epidemic of kid abuse and neglect. Approximately there are 3 million reports of CSA in the United States every year involving nearly 6 million children. CSA take value across ethnic and cultural lines, in all socioeconomic levels, all levels of education and within all religions. Numerous adverse effects correlate with CSA some examples include, anxiety, avoidance printing, low self-esteem, post-traumatic separate push through disorder (PTSD), and promiscuity. In the present paper, research in the role of psychological distress in women with history of CSA reviewed to gain a understanding depression , high risk internal activity nature of the trauma , obstacles in relationships, possessing oppose beliefs and attitudes towards others, psychological effects, psychopathology. The following literature review attempts to yield and support CSA association with psychological, emotional and physical behaviors in heavy(p)hood. Cont inuous studies of sexually ill-treat children and treatment outcomes are native. Keywords Child sexual abuse, anxiety, avoidance depression, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, promiscuityChild Sexual AbuseSurvivors of CSA often suffer from adverse psychological distress from CSA, long after the abuse has ended. Adult survivors are at increased risk of having of having one or more long-term negative consequences (Bremner et al., 1999 Colangelo and Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 Gladstone, Parker, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & Austin, 1999 Goodyear-Brown, 2012 Rosenthal, Rasmussen Hall, Palm, Batten, & Follette, 2005 Trowell, Kolvin, Weeramanthri, Sadowski, Berelowitz, Glasser, & Leitch, 2002). A history of CSA is not un earthyly reported by survivors with depressive disorders (Gladstone et al., 1999). They seek out a mental health professional for numerous reasons. Rosenthal et al. (2005) found shame, guilt and the social stigma with CSA of such encounters it is likely that survivors would attempt to avoid memories and feelings through non-homogeneous means including psychological distress, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, suicidal behavior and borderline personality disorders.Defining the ProblemBremner et al. (1999) affirmed child sexual abuse is extremely common in todays society 16% of women are the victim of rape, attempted or molestation at some time before their eighteenth birthday. However, CSA prevalence rates varied substantially making comparisons difficult (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman , 2012 as cited in Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). In addition, the main definitional difference was whether the abuse was physical or as well involved noncontact behaviors. Goodyear-Brown, 2012 (as cited in Berliner, 2011 Berliner & Elliott, 2002 Finkelhor, 1979) defined CSA as any sexual activity involving a child in whom the child is unable or unwilling to obtain consent. In addition, reported CSA is a problem of epidemic symmetry affecting children of all ages, socioeconomic levels and cultural backgrounds.Therefore, all states have legal procedures against child sexual abuse, literal meanings dissent from state to state, and sexual abuse is not always clearly addressed as distinct from physical abuse (Goodyear-Brown, 2012). CSA bear ons all mass from a wide variety of backgrounds. Researchers have documented CSA has no boundaries of race, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. As a result it affects the whole community including, children, adolescents, and adults. While victims including offenders are without doubt, most undeviatingly impacted, households and communities in which the abuse occurred are also strongly impacted if there is no satisfactory response to the issue.Personality DisordersThe ability to develop relationships and get along with others is essential to healthy wellbeing. Maintaining positive, reciprocal social connections includes comprehending social cues, speaking up for oneself, and finding peopl e who will not exploit and hurt others. Consequently, the ability to develop and proceed relationships becomes affected.Low Self-EsteemSexual abuse survivors, in one study, expressed more internalizing behaviors than did their non-abused counter parts. In fact, women with history of CSA were more likely to use negative terms to describe themselves and less likely to attribute positive meaning to sexual behavior (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Meston and Heiman, 2000). Also, women with a history of CSA perceived their bodies as less sexually attractive than nonabused and reported feeling angry and distant from, their own bodies during sexual activity (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Wenniinger and Heiman, 1998). In addition, patients who report CSA, 93% self-reported helplessness, sinfulness, guilt, worthlessness and self-image (Gladstone et al., 1999).AvoidanceRosenthal et al., (2005) established that women victimized during childhood, were likely to have avoidance of experiences. Survivors with the avoidant style have few interpersonal bonds and few friends. They are not as imaginable to be linked in relations with others and less likely to be married. The invasive style is overly burdensome and controlling. However, the invasive style has exceeding needs for closeness. There is extreme self-disclosure, and relationships are excessively smothering. Equally the avoidant and invasive styles are dysfunctional and are possibly to result in loneliness.Sexual DisordersThe impact of CSA on a womans sexual functions relates to high risk sexual activities. Risky sexual behavior is the most thoroughly documentation of cataclysmic behavior in abuse survivors. Also, significantly impacts the quality of sexual and romantic relationships of the victims.PromiscuityResearchers found 20% of women worldwide reported sexual contact with an adult during their childhood (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Freyd et al., 2005). Women rep orted performing a sexual act against their will, before age 15 (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Fanslow, Crengle, Perese and Robinson, 2007).Also, women with a sexual abuse history reported more negative feelings about sex and experience less satisfaction than do nonabused women (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Leonard et al., 2008 Meston et al., 2006). Findings, for women whose abuse experience included earlier onset of consensual sexual activity, higher rates of teen pregnancy, multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Ferguson et al., 1997 Raj, Silverman & Amaro, 2000 pram et al., 1999). Furthermore, increased rates of abortion and anal sex (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Windgood & DiClemente, 1997).Anxiety DisordersA plethora of literature has developed over the past 20 years demonstrating the potentially life-threatening magnitude of negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequently occurring sequelae of past abuse.DepressionGladstone et al., (1999) linked behavioral problems in adulthood to CSA and found that more patients with exposure to CSA, than patients with no exposure, had evidence of significant personality disturbances before their current depressive episode. In addition, patients with history of CSA reported higher levels of depression (Gladstone et al., 1999). Significantly, patients with exposure of CSA reported having an alcoholic father than did those who had not. To emphasize researchers also found other over represented characteristics to feel unsafe, a dysfunctional father, verbal abuse and exposure to an unstable relationship between parents (Gladstone et al., 1999).Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Bremner et al., (1999) identified CSA is the most common cause of PTSD, which affects 10% of individual(a)s in this country. In spite of the high prevalence rates of CSA and PTSD, there is little on the long-term effects of abu se on the brain. Trowell et al. (2002) examined the relationship between PTSD and symptoms the conduct victims to seek treatment. They found that a significant number of victims in their sample manifest symptoms of PTSD, including flashbacks and intrusive memories.However, despite the fact that most CSA victims did not meet skillful diagnostic criteria for PTSD, many reported having some post-traumatic symptoms. These symptoms included hyper vigilance, intrusive thoughts, and rapid intrusive flashbacks of the abuse Researchers monitored the relative efficacy of focused individual or assemblage psychotherapy for sexually abused girls and psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. Both treatment groups showed substantial psychopathological improvements, but with no evident difference between individual and group therapy. Therefore, individual therapy led to a greater improvement in manifestations of PTSD (Trowell et al., 2002).ReferencesBremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D.S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1787-1795. Colangelo, J.J., & Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the impact of childhood sexual abuse on womens sexuality. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 1-5. Gladstone, G., Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., & Austin, M. (1999). Characteristics of depressed patients who report childhood sexual abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 431-437. Goodyear-Brown, P. (2012).The scope of the problem. In P. Goodyear-Brown (Eds.), Handbook of child sexual abuse Identification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 1-28). Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rosenthal, Z.M., Rasmussen Hall, M. L., Palm, K.M, Batten, S.V., & Follette, V.M. (2005). Chronic avoidance helps condone the relationship between severity of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 25-41. Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., T. Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., & Leitch, I. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 234-247.

Marketing Audits and Its Importance to an Organisation

selling Audits and its importance to an organisation As of I am starting to write this essay, an historic and staggering incident happened in USStandard & Poors first time downgraded American Federal Bonds form AAA to AA+. Look at the messed up world stinting pictureUS is suffering from recession without any better signs, Europe is struggling with debt crisis, only growth engine China is also slowing down.We be facing the greatest uncertainty ever experienced before, as for economic society, walking away from this desperate situation needs to review history and perplex provide tools, from an organisations point of view, one of the utile tools is to seek for effective and regular market audits to cope with rapidly changing economic purlieu. definition and Purposes of trade Audit The concept of merchandising audit dated back to 1950s and evolved through application phase of 1960s, turbulent 1970s, growing period of mid-eighties and 1990s until now. The followings ar several definitions of merchandise audits A comprehensive examination of an organisations market structure, programs and performance-Peter Rix, Marketing-a practical approach Systematic, critical, rigorous and deaf(p) study of efficiency of all merchandising activities within an organisation extending to evaluation of apiece and every functional objective and their effective coordination-Brian Monger, Marketing in dusky white A periodic, comprehensive, taxonomical, and independent examination of the organisations marketing environment, internal marketing system and ad hoc marketing activities-Philip KotlerThe purposes of marketing audit are to find marketing opportunities, locate marketing issues, seek right short term and long term solution, which ensure the implementation of marketing protrudes or the fiat of unreasonable plans to improve an organisations overall marketing performance. Components of the Marketing Audit An effective and rounded marketing audit covers six component s 1/ Marketing Environment Audit Through auditing marketing environment in which it operates, an organisation could find if its marketing strategy is adapt to the marketing environment, and if any changes needed.The marketing environment consists of two subclasses, one is the macro environment which includes political/legal, economic, social/cultural and technological, and another one is industry and competitive environment. In short, PEST+C. 2/ Marketing Strategy Audit It mainly examine whether or not an organisations goals and objectives reflect market orientation, if the organisation takes right competition position, seizes market opportunities and allocates appropriate resources. 3/ Marketing Organisation AuditThe marketing auditor needs to consider the decision-making ability of marketing organisation, as swell up as its ability of outline, planning and execution. Other factors include its strain capacity to market, and its interaction with other function departments. 4/ Mar keting Systems Audit It focuses on whether or not an organisation has well-established and effective systems for information gathering, planning and control. All these systems can be classified as internal systems, external systems, vertical and horizontal marketing systems.A vertical marketing system (VMS) is one in which the main members of a distribution channelproducer, wholesaler, and retailerwork together as a unified group in order to meet consumer needs. A horizontal marketing systems(HMS) means in which members at the same level in a channel of distribution surround together in strategic alliances or joint ventures to exploit a new marketing opportunity. 5/ Marketing Productivity Audit A marketing organisation needs analyses on profits, cost-benefit, the audit covers performance examinations on sale-profit rates, costs of marketing, collection and inventory, etc.It also examines if there exists excessive cost expenditure and equivalent solutions on cost reduction. 6/ Mark eting Function Audit Marketing function audit targets on marketing elements such as products, prices, places and promotions, as well as performance evaluation on marketing organisation, it consists of overall audit, sales audit, market investigation audit, and advertising audit. The auditors, through marketing function audit, may berth issues within marketing management and make pertinent recommendations. Main Characteristics of the Marketing AuditMarketing Audit is a process of comprehensive, systematic and independent analysis and assessment of companys marketing environment, objectives, strategies and activities to identify problem areas and operational strengths and weaknesses and recommends the courses of action to be taken to improve companys overall marketing performance and make marketing strategies and plan more effective and result oriented. The main characteristics can be summarised as the followings, 1/ It should be comprehensive and broad in focus covering the stainl ess marketing environment of the company. / It should be an objective exercise and independent of the managers directly abstruse in making the marketing decisions. 3/ It should be a systematic and orderly sequence of diagnostic steps as compared to an unstructured and random investigation. 4/ It should be carried out periodically. The marketing audit should be undertaken on a regular basis and not only when major problems arise. Main elements to be included in a marketing audit The key elements of a marketing audit are 1/ Marketing MixFor products it includes Product, Price, Place-distribution and Promotion For services it includes Product, Price, Place-distribution, Promotion, People, Processes and Physical Environment 2/ Product Life Cycle pic 3/ militant Advantage A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices. 4/ Interna l and external assessment SWOT PEST The Marketing Audit Process and Participants likely to be involvedThe marketing audit process proceeds with the following steps, Firstly, setting up the audit objectives and scope, preparing relevant documentation, deciding time period for the audit. Secondly, gathering the data, conducting interviews and inquiries. Finally, preparing the audit report, presenting conclusions and providing relevant solutions. Bearing in mind, the most valuable part if the marketing audit often lies not so much in the auditors specific recommendations but in the process that managers begin to go through to assimilate, debate, and develop their own concept of the needed marketing action. The Marketing Audit Comes of Age by Philip Kotler, William T. Gregor and William H. Rodgers III The participants likely to be involved cover all stakeholders including management levels, ordinary staff, suppliers, dealers, customers even shareholders and communities the organisatio n located in. Who of these stakeholders and to what extent get involved in the audit depend on the organisations specific requirements. Times when a marketing audit should be undertakenThe marketing audits could be undertaken on conventional and unconventional bases, which means on one hand an organisation needs to conduct regular and periodic audit and examine whether or not it and its each function unit achieve setting goals and objectives, if any changes needed to its strategy, on the other hand, if an organisations internal departments or independent units are do poorly, it should carry a thorough marketing audit to help them find reasons and improvement methods. Various forms of a marketing audit The marketing audit mustiness be carried independently by an inside audit, onducted by a person or group inside the company but outside the operation beingness evaluated, or an outside audit conducted by a management consulting firm or practitioner. Why they are considered to be on e of the most practical and profitable tools available to a marketer. The marketing audits cover all major marketing areas of a business, not just a few trouble spots. It assesses the marketing environment, marketing strategy, the marketing organisation, marketing systems, the marketing mix and marketing productivity and profitability.The audit is normally conducted by an objective and experienced outside party who is independent of the marketing department. The finding can come as a surprise, and sometimes as a shock, to management. Management then decides which actions make sense and how and when to implement them. The marketing audits contiguous to make marketing strategy and plan properly, are beneficial for matching a business internal resources with external resources, realise better and profitable operate results.

Use of a Redox Indicator to show Dehydrogenase Activity

Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (also known as T.T.C) is an example of an artificial hydrogen acceptor. It is a oxidoreduction indicator which is annotateless when oxidised, however when reduced, it produces a red, insoluble precipitate called formazans. T.T.C can therefore be used to investigate the enzyme activity of dehyrogenase enzymes by showing a colour change when they are present. The purpose of this experiment is to see what effect temperature has on the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes within yeast cells.Materials/Apparatus* Actively respiring yeast suspension. This is on the watch by adding 10g of dried yeast to 1dm3 of distilled water, followed by mixing in 50g of glucose. This mixture should be allowed to stand for 24 hours before the experiment takes place.* Tiphenyl tetrazolium chloride is used as a redox indicator to investigate the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes when yeast suspension is exposed to opposite temperatures.* Distilled water for the preparation of the yeast suspension.* Test tubes to place the mixture of yeast and T.T.C.* Test tube rack to allow the test tubes to stand upright in the water baths.* Incubator to allow enzyme activity to occur at different temperatures* Syringes to accurately measure the right amount of yeast and T.T.C needed for each solution.* A Glass rod to evenly distribute the cells in the solution afterwards the T.T.C has been added.* Crushed fruitcake to allow the dehyrogenase activity to take place at 10degrees.* Beakers for the yeast suspension to be prepared in.* Thermometer to measure the temperature of the water bath containing the ice cubes.* Stopwatch to measure the time taken for the solution to change colour.NOTE The colour change is completed once the solution has turned a salmon pink colour. Allow all solutions to reach the same colour before removing them from the water baths.MethodPrepare a solution of yeast cells by adding 10g of dried yeast to 1dm3 of distilled water, followed by mixing in 50g of glucose. This mixture should be allowed to stand for 24 hours before the experiment takes place. Once the yeast suspension has been allowed to stand for 24 hours, the bubble should be removed and discarded. come out up a water bath by adding ice cubes to cold water, until the water has reached 10degrees. Continue to measure the temperature with a thermometer ensuring that the temperature is maintained.Set up separate incubators at 30, 40, 50 and 60 degrees. Using a syringe, place 5cm of yeast suspension into three separate test tubes and place in the incubator. Leave for several minutes and then add 0.5cm of T.T.C into each solution and place them back into the incubator set at 30degrees. Start the stopwatch immediately. esteem carefully for any colour changes that have developed. When the colour change has taken place, take the test tubes out of the incubator and note down the time taken for the colour change to take place.Repeat this map at 20, 40, 50 and 60 degrees. To measure the dehydrogenase activity at 20 degrees, carry out this procedure at room temperature.Table of resultsTemperature (degrees)Time taken for colour change to occur (minutes)10No change2052.113026.124010.08504.22604.43A bar chart has been produced to portray these results so that a comparison can clearly be seen. The graph has been drawn on graph paper.ConclusionThe results from this experiment indicate that temperature has a definite affect on the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes. The graph shows that as the temperature increases, the time taken for the solution to change colour decreases. This shows that dehyrogenase enzymes work faster at a advanceder temperature as there was no colour change when the T.T.C was added to the yeast suspension at 10 degrees.The temperature at which the dehydrogenase enzymes worked at their quickest was 50 degrees. This indicates that 50 degrees is the optimum temperature for the enzyme activity to take place as the colour change took sli ghtly longer when placed in a water bath set at 60 degrees. This may be due to the fact that some of the dehydrogenase enzymes could have been denatured due to the high temperature.However, it is not quite clear whether 50 degrees is the optimum temperature for the enzyme activity to take place because this experiment took place using a limited amount of temperature ranges. If this probe was to be repeated, a wider range of temperatures could be used so that an optimum temperature could be established.Overall, the results from this experiment support the hypothesis and therefore have provided successful and adequate data which have confirmed the predictions that were made prior to the investigation taking place.

Paper vs Plastic, Which Is Better

Thousands and thousands of people argon shopping in securities industry stores each day using either plastic or motif bags. They think of it as something that just holds their items. What they dont know is how much it harms our environment. So the question is which is better? 3. 14 billion Plastic shopping bags and 53 million Kraft paper bags are produced annually to satisfy the national market, consuming 28. 5 million kilograms of plastic and 4. 8 million kilograms of paper( Goldbeck 333). A man named Shropshire in Annapolis had a campaign to get rid of plastic bags and is referred to as the the bag man.12 million barrels of oil are needed to produce 100 billion plastic bags used in the United States each year, He said. According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency barely 5% of those bags are being recycled and the rest are thrown into landfills. He also says that plastic bags from Annapolis land in Chesapeake Bay and marine animals absorb them, mistaking them for jelly fish. Estimates prepared by the New York City Department of Sanitation suggest that if each New Yorker would use atomic number 53 less grocery sack per week, the citys garbage could be reduced by 2500 tons every year, saving 250,000 taxpayer dollars (Goldbeck 333).Some officials say. that producing the bags takes too much energy and they ca-ca environmental hazards. The only problem is that plastic is cheaper and create less landfill waste than paper bags. Plastic bags are made with polyethylene. 80% of polyethylene is made from born(p) gas a non-renewable resource. According to the Boustead Consulting Association polyethylene uses less water, oil and energy. Plastic bags use 40% less energy than paper and plastic sacks. The conjunction says, they generate 80% less solid waste.Donna Dempsey of the Progressive Bag Alliance, a group representing plastic bag manufacturers, says that an alternative to plastic bags like paper wouldnt actually be greener. She also says that paper bag s use up more fossil fuels in their lifecycle than plastic. makeup bags are made from a lot of trees. Paper grocery bags, are an American innovation and were designed in 1883. Its also made from a Kraft (German means course and strength) paper. According to the American Forest and Paper Association, paper collection is easily and readily available in most parts of the country.But like plastic, paper uses natural resources and creates pollution. The manufacturing of one paper bag uses 1 whole gallon of water Trees have to dry for 3 whole years before making it into paper. Then its cooked under heat and pressureEtc. So paper also use up resources. When paper is thrown away its either recycled or thrown in a landfill. Both paper and plastic bags can pollute and effect the environment. So its hard to say which is better to use. I f we want an option better for the environment its better to use neither of them. The best option there is out there is reusable bags.

Sectarianism in Pakistan

sectaristism in Pakistan INTRODUCTION The decade of the 1990s witnessed a terrorization upsurge in the Shia-Sunni sectary delirium in Pakistan, twain in terms of scope and intensity. Recently, sectary engagement has engulfed blush those aras, which were previously unaffected, in general because of the emergence of organized terrorist groups along sectarist lines. Besides organise killings, these groups hit even quotidian members of each others sects. The problem, therefore, is no more of an occasional reputation, or express to isolated localities.Rather, it has now go bad a res publicaal concern with serious implications for the suppose and society. The publisher argues that though the Shia-Sunni participation is non tonic to Pakistan or even to the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, the current phase is distinct in sev geological eral ways Firstly, the level and intensity of wildness is high because of easy access to weapons and gentility facilities in Afghaniist an. Secondly, certain Moslem states such as Iran and Saudi Arabia sponsor the activities of sectary groups. This adds a regional property to the domestic sectarian engagement. Thirdly, the social base of the sectarian conflict has significantly expanded because of factors including a) Use of gull media, school text discs, sacred literature, posters and banners b) Accessibility to means of electronic communication c) Better transport services which increment mobility of sectarian activists. To argue thus this paper is divided into geting three sectionalizations 1) sectarian Violence and its origins 2) Causes of sectarist Violence in Pakistan and 3) Failure of read. SECTARIAN VIOLENCE AND ITS ORIGINS This section discusses the history of sectarian force-out.Sectarian violence and ghostly extremism is an unpredictable menace. History is replete with incidents of such sorts in assorted countries. The bigots and the evil minded selfish natured hoi polloi be behind this abhorrent act relating to the security concerns of many nations. Unfortunate is the fact that usu all(prenominal)y the trio arena Muslim countries have been and are being constantly threatened by these evil acts. Sectarian Violence in Muslim History Since the very beginning, the Shia-Sunni sectarian conflict has been one of the major characteristics of Muslim history.Different factions in the respective Muslim societies have similarly closely interlinked it to the struggle for the acquisition of policy-making power. Syed emeer Ali remarks Alas That the religion of humanity and universal brotherhood should not have escaped the internecine strife and discord that the faith which was to bring peace and residuum to the distracted world should itself be torn to pieces by angry passions and the lust of power. 1 At the centre of sectarian strife has been the Shia-Sunni conflict.Immediately after the passing forth of the seer of Islam, a division emerged on the question of successio n. A small group believed that such a function must remain in the family of the Prophet and backed Ali, whom they believed to have been designated for this eccentric by involution and testament. They became known as his partisans (shia) while the legal age agreed on Abu Bakr on the assumption that the Prophet odd no instruction on this matter they gained the quote The People of Prophetic Tradition and consensus of opinion (ahl al-sunnah wal-jamaah). Besides the governmental dimension, there also existed a difference of opinion about the merits and functions of the successor to the Prophet. Sunni Islam considered the kaliph to be a guardian of the Shariah in the club, while Shiism saw in the successor a spiritual function connected with the esoteric interpretation of the revelation and the inheritance to the Prophets esoteric teachings. In contrast to the Sunnis, the institution of Imamate is fundamental to the Shia Islam. The Imam, 1 Syed Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam (Kara chi Pakistan produce House, 1976), p100. esides being a descendant of the Prophet, must possess certain qualitieshe must be Masum or sin little, bear the purest and most unsullied character, and must be distinguished above all other men for truth and purity. Whereas, the Sunnis believe that the Imamate is not restricted to the family of Mohammad. The Imam need not be just, virtuous, or irreproachable (Ma sum) in his life, nor need he be the most excellent or high being of his clock time so long as he is free, adult, sane, and possessed of the capacity to attend to the ordinary affairs of State, he is qualified for election. 2 Later, both the Shia and Sunni schools further split into several sub-sects on divergent issues related to succession, interpretation of scriptures and political theory of Islam. Sectarian conflict in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Fearing persecution by Ummayeds and later Abbasides, some(prenominal) of the Shias had moved to the distant parts of the Mus lim Empire. Sizeable Shia communities had been ceremonious in Punjab and Sindh after their conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim.Under the early Abbasides, the governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine backup maner of Fatimids movement and it was beneath him that the Batinya influence spread into the areas between Shorkot and Sindh. Later, one of the Shia branch, the Karamata, was able to set up its independent dynasty in Multan. The Karamata had established contacts with the Fatimides in Egypt and continued to rule Multan and 2 Syed Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam (Karachi Pakistan Publishing House, 1976), p103. urrounding areas, which included parts of Jhang, until Mahmud Ghaznavi get the better of and destroyed their heretical dynasty. With this, the Karamata movement was wiped out in the Indo-Pakistan place setting, as it could not survive the loss of political power. However, it left a deep spiritual imprint on the local population. This is one of the reasons why even t oday southern Punjab inhabits a sizeable Shia population. In southern India, the Bahmani and Adil Shahi dynasties which ruled for quite some time and acted as a bulwark against Marhattas, protested Shia doctrines.These dynasties were brought on a lower floor the control of Mughals under(a) Aurangzeb (d. 1707), which opened the way for the rise of Marhattas. Aurangzeb was allegedly hostile to the Shia dynasties, largely because he considered them heretical. As the Shia dynasties were receiving support from the Safavides of Iran, who were hostile to the Mughals, he had made an offer of hamper to Bukhara. The weakening and disintegration of the Mughal Empire, after the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir, paved the way for a qualitatively diametric era in the Muslim history of the Sub-continent.The new era witnessed, on one hand, the onslaught of the British with both colonial and western agenda and, on the other, the rise of Marhattas and Sikhs. Meanwhile, the early successors of Aurangze b had come under the influence of their Shia courtiers, the Sayyids of Barha. It was in resolution to these developments that Shah Waliullah (1703-1762) started his reform movement to reassert Islam. Another was the Wahabi movement of Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703-1787), which started in Saudi Arabia, barely had a great impact on the spiritual scene of India.Both these movements played a major role in the making of todays religio-political scene of India and Pakistan. The Wahabi movement emphasised essentials, preached reverting back to the captain sources of Quran and Sunnah, and rejected many of the innovations and cultural adaptations made over centuries in the Indian context. It was vehemently debate to the Sufi tradition and other divergent schools of thought such as Shiaism. Essentially, this movement was exclusionist, and far less tolerant and accommodative of divergence, heterogeneity and variations in religious matters.It lambasted the corruption and laxity of the M uslims attitudes and rejected the accommodations and cultural affluence of the medieval empire. Its sole emphasis was on the classical law, which, in the view of its champions, was the sum and substance of the faith. It was, notwithstanding the fact that many leaders of the jihad movement were not blind pursuit of Muhammad Ibn, Abd al Wahhab to rationalise the term Wahabi for them. Given their extremist credentials, however, the term was widely live withed and is still apply in Pakistan3 for the battalion with similar puritan views.They are also called Ahl-i-Hadith. Shah Wali Ullah, however, started the most significant reform movement, in the 18th century. worry Wahabis, Shah Waliullah strongly condemned the corrupted Sufi customs and practices, exactly he was a Hanafi and his version of purified Islam was not solely rejectionist. He himself was a Sufi. He tried to postulate an interpretation of Islam that would coalesce into a purified Sufism with a purified Sunnah. The Shah Wali Ullahs movement later crystallized into the Deoband movement, founded by 3Qeyamuddin Ahmed, The Wahabi sweat in India ( raw Delhi Manohar, 1994), p203. Maulana Qasim Nanotawi, in the then unify Provinces of British India in 1867. In 1857, Maulana Nanotawi had actively taken part in the rebellion against the British. Through the Deoband movement, however, he and his colleagues seek to achieve their goals through peaceful resistance. The goal, under the circumstances, was nothing save cultural and religious freedom and political independence. In the following years, the Deoband movement adopted the attitude of peaceful resistance and non-co-operation towards the British.They refused to learn the English vocabulary and modern knowledge, and emphasised Arabic and teachings of Islamic classics. In religious terms, the Deoband movement continued to largely profess Shah Waliullahs teachings with puritan emphasis. Originally, the Deoband School had a policy of non-involvemen t into sectarian controversies, but later, specially under Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, the Hanafis became divided into rival groups. Among others, it was because Maulana Gangohi had condemned the annual gatherings at the tombs of saints as well as the prevalent rites of fatihah and milad.These differences were a mirror image of dissatisfaction of the Deoband School with the things as they existed and its determination to improve them. The puritan emphasis of Wahabis and Deobandis generated tensions among Muslims. The followers of Sufi Islam did not accept the puritan emphasis which, in their view, amounted to renunciation of mystic suppositionion of Islam. It was, however, Maulana Ahmad Raza caravansary (1856-1921) who founded the Brelvi School4 by setting up a 4 Usha Sanyal, Devotional Islam and Politics in British India Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920 (Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996), p44. adrasa at Breli in the United Provinces. Unlike the puritans, the Brelvi school expressed and sustained the social and religious customs of a decadent lot the civilization, or lack of it, into which India fell after the feudal Mughal civilisation had succumbed and before a new culture arose under the imperial British penetration. Meanwhile, Lucknow had become the centre of Shia activism. The confrontation between these schools later spread to the on the whole of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent. In particular, it resulted in increase incidents of Shia-Sunni violence.Later, however, the emergence of Amada movement, whose founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, claimed to be the prophet, prompted a unified reaction from all of the above mentioned schools. The Ahmadis, who are also called as Qadianis and Mirzais, were declared non-Muslims by all of the above groups. This declaration was formulated on the basis that they do not believe in the finality of the prophet hood of Muhammad. This controversy overshadowed the differences among the rest of the sec tarian groups for decades until they were formally declared non-Muslims through a Constitutional Amendment in Pakistan in 1974.The nature of Shia-Sunni violence under the British was essentially different than it had been under the earlier Muslim empires or caliphates. Previously, it was always a conflict either between the established Sunni authorities and anti-status quo Shia denominations or between the Sunni and Shia dynasties or caliphates. Under the estrange rule of the British, the conflict declined to the communities level, involving the general public and theologians alike in sectarian violence.The role of the government was limited to that of arbiter, enforcer of law or manipulator, if so required, in the larger colonial interests. However, the state was secular and largely unrepresentative and, therefore, the use of sectarian idiom was limited to the purpose of selfidentification. The problem of sectarian conflict in the post-independence years can be analyzed both in t erms of the continuation of old historical pattern with certain new characteristics and, as a direct consequence of crises of identity and governance in Pakistan.It may be noted that the political discourse at macro level has revolved some the issues of Islamization vs. modernization, centralization vs. provincial autonomy, and democracy vs. authoritarianism in Pakistan since independence. The persistent ambivalence towards these issues has led the Pakistani State into a crisis of identity, causing frustration among nigh all the sections of society including modernists, Islamists and various ethnic communities.The frustration has become further intensified in view of the also-ran of successive governments on the performance front, in particular in terms of giving due representation to the marginalized sections of society in the top state institutions. Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan There are numerous sectarian divisions in Pakistan. One source puts the total number of Muslim sects and sub sects at 72. 5 The Sunni population subdivides into four major streamsDeobandis, Barelvis, Ahl-e Hadith and Wahabisand within these there are 5 Sectarian Division of Muslims (Bureau Report), The Times, London, 28 Sept. 1998. reportedly dozens of subgroups6. Despite these divisions, the majority of Sunnis in Pakistan follow the Hanafi School of Islamic jurisprudence7 The Sunni population is estimated to be 74 per cent of Pakistans population. The three Shia streams in Pakistan are the Ismailis, the Ithna Ashariyya and the Bohras. 8 Estimates of the size of the Shia population vary widely, from a low of 5 per cent to a high of 25 percent most sources put it at 15-20 per cent. During the Pakistan movement, the essentially secular leaders of the Muslim League had used the idiom of Muslim identity to mobilize masses and to justify a separate homeland for them. Interestingly, almost all the major religious parties of that time had opposed the demand of Pakistan either on the grounds that the concept of separate nationhood was not tenable from the perspective of Islam, or that the secular leadership of Muslim League could not be trusted to sincerely fulfill the promise of the creation of an Islamic state.Nonetheless, the Muslim League succeeded in creating Pakistan, despite the opposition of religious parties. As a result, the Islamic identity of the migrant communities, which settled in the main in the urban areas of Punjab and Sindh, was reinforced and they began to act as the major vehicle for the Islamization campaign in Pakistan. It was, in contrast to other ethnic groups such as Sindhis, Baluchis and Pakhtuns who, while de-emphasizing the ideological debate, championed the cause of decentralization and provincial autonomy. 6 7 The Sub-Sects of Muslims (Report), The Economist, London, 28 Jan 1995. Daniel Pipes, Islam and Islamic Groups (Detroit Gale Research, 1992), p184. 8 Ibid. p185. 9 Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Sectarianism in Pakistan The Radicaliz ation of Shii and Sunni Identities, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3, July 1998. Gradually, groups emerged out of the existing religious parties, which started emphasizing the sectarian differences with the professed aim of persuading the state to accept their particular views into legislation and its policies.In the following years, Punjab was to become the major victim of sectarian violence. Today sectarian violence has become widespread, particularly between Shia and Sunni hawkishs in areas bordering Afghanistan, while dozens of tribal elders were hit by private-enterprise(a)s in Waziristan. CAUSES OF SECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN This section discusses the main reasons which led to sectarian violence in Pakistan. Pakistan, one of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen serious Shia-Sunni sectarian violence. Almost 70% of Pakistans Muslim population is Sunni, and some other 30% are Shia.However, but this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any country,10 larger than the Shia majority in Iraq. In the last two decades, as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died in sectarian fighting in Pakistan, 300 in 2006. 11 Amongst the culprits blamed for the killing are Al Qaeda working with local sectarian groups to kill what they perceive as Shia apostates, and foreign powers trying to plant discord. 12 10 Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p160. Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan, by David Montero, February 02, 2007. 11 12 Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan, by David Montero, February 02, 2007. Since 2004, there has been intense violence in the FATA. What started in South Waziristan, slowly spread to unification Waziristan in 2005 and then later to Bajaur and Mohamand Agency during 2006 and 2007. For the last two years, this violence has spread to the settled regularises of the Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa including Bannu, DI Khan, Peshawar and Swat. take by the Taliban and its local supporters in the FATA and Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa , this violence is posing a serious threat to the impact of governance, challenging the writ of the State.Referred to by media as Talibanization, these developments has been the subject of intense academic, media and policy interest. Many factors contributed to the growth of sectarian violence since the 1980s and 90s. While some were direct causes, others indirectly deepened the sectarian fault lines. Some of them are Sectarian Politics The following factors increased the sectarian divide, which was embedded in Pakistani society in the 1980s, especially in Punjab. First, the formation of Shia and Sunni militant organizations which were not representative of their respective communities although there was support from them.The formation of the militant Sunni Sipah-i-Sahaba, Pakistan (SSP) and the Shia Sipah-i-Mohammad, Pakistan (SMP) was the main factor underlying the escalating conflict between the two communities. Apart from the Sipah-i-Sahaba, ot her Sunni organizations like Sunni Tehrik were organise in Sindh. Later some SSP activists led by Riaz Basra organized the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ), named after the founder of the SSP. The LJ was more militant and has been banned. These organizations widened the sectarian divide and both groups started using violence against each other. The strength of these militant sectarian organizations increased in the 1980s nd 90s, and they were only banned by General Musharraf in January 2002. Second, factionalism within the religious parties and militant organizations deepened the sectarian divide. The Jamiat-ul-Islam (JUI) got divided into two factions led by Fazl-ur-Rahman and Sami-ul-Haq and both factions attempted to build their foundations on anti-Shia tenets with each trying to be more virulently anti-Shia. Even the militant organizations on both sides (the SSP and the SMP) go about divisions, and these factions, devoid of effective leadership, were involved in arbitrary killings of th e other community.Religious parties like the JUI provided indirect support to militant organizations. It is essential to understand that sectarian violence is largely limited to Punjab, especially in the district of Jhang, where the mainstream religious parties never enjoyed touristed support. Baluchistan had been free of sectarian violence and so was Sind, except for Karachi. The Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), which enjoys support at the popular level in Punjab belongs to the Brehlvi faith and does not share the antagonism of the Deobandis and Wahabis towards the Shias.In fact, unlike the latter two, the JUP considers them to be Muslims and a part of the Islamic world. Third, sectarian violence in Punjab was primarily due to Shia-Sunni economic, social and political relations. For type in Jhang, where sectarian violence is high, the Shia community forms the upper class, being landlords and enjoying political power the majority Sunni community forms the lower stratum in the social , economic and political hierarchy. When the Sunni middle class grew, especially in the mid-seventies as a result of better education and remittances from the Gulf, they demanded their share of ocial and political status, which was resisted by the Shias. Maulana Nawaz Jhangvi, assassinated in 1990 by Shia militants, formed the Sipah-i-Sahaba in Jhang in1985, largely to fight the Shia landlords. Anti-Shia groups Anti-Shia groups in Pakistan include the Lashkar i Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, offshoots of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI). The groups demand the projection of all Shias from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shias between 1996 and 1999. 13 As in Iraq they targeted Shia in their holy places and mosques, especially during times of communal prayer. 14From January to May 1997, Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders in a systematic attempt to remove Shias from positions of authority. 15 Lashkar i Jhangvi has declared Shia to be American agents and the near enemy in global jihad. 16 Islamization policies of Zia Islamic policies introduced by Zia-ul-Haq were also responsible for the growth of sectarian violence inner Pakistan. An in-depth analysis would reveal that these policies were cosmetic and peripheral, as they did not impinge 13 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban Islam, oil and the new great game in central Asia (London Tauris, 2000), p194. 14Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p166. Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p167. Ibid. p168. 15 16 on the bureaucratic military oligarchy or the feudal structure of the society. In fact, these policies were aimed at gaining legitimacy within Pakistan and were not meant to challenge the existing social and economic institutions. However, the Islamization policies exerted a negative influence on the two communities. The Sunni religious parties led by JUI and JUP became active vis-a-vis the Shias, as they wanted the State to introduce the Sunnization o f Pakistan, which the Shias feared.This made the Shias defending and they started sustenance the PPP. In July 1980, 25,000 Shia portested the Islamization laws in the capital Islamabad. Besides, the changes made by Zia led to intense competition amongst the various Sunni groups, especially the Wahabis, Deobandis and Brehlvis, as they wanted the State to enforce their own version of Islam, especially the Islamic laws, though they were united in their opposition to Shias. However, the Islamic reforms introduced by Zia, especially relating to the legal field, alarmed the Shia community.The Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqh-iJafriya (TNFJ) was formed in 1979 to enforce the Jafri fiqh earlier in the same year Zia had declared that the Hanafi fiqh would be enforced. The formation of TNFJ was the political response of the Shia community. In its early years it fought to get concessions such as exempting the Shia community from paying zakat and ushr. Jihad in Afghanistan Pakistans Afghan policy in the 1980s and 90s aggravated sectarian violence inside the country. Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union in the 1980s resulted in the proliferation and easy availability of small ordnance in Pakistan. 7 The emergence of and subsequent growth of the Taliban in the 1990s and 17 Michael Klare, Redefining Security The New Global Schisms, up-to-date History, Vol. 95, No. 604, 1996, p161. their support to Sunni organizations such as the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen impinged directly on sectarian violence. The Sipah-i-Sahaba cadres were apt in Afghanistan and most of them fought the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Shias inside Pakistan. Iran-Iraq War The impact of the emergence of the Khomeini regime in 1979 in Iran and the subsequent Iran-Iraq war in the early 1980s on sectarian violence in Pakistan has generally been underestimated.It is no coincidence that the TNFJ, the main Shiite party in Pakistan, was formed in 1979. When the Iran-Iraq war started, the Muslim world got divided into two camps and started funding their faith. As a result, enormous funds flowed, especially from Saudi Arabia and Iran, into Pakistan to support the various Sunni and Shia organizations and the madras as run by them respectively, which were directly responsible for the growth of organized opposition and violence. Persian Funding Exacerbating tensions is Iranian funding of Shia extremists in Pakistan, who not only exact revenge against Sunnis, but have also been used to violently uppress Iranian dissidents in the country who are critical of the Iranian regime. Shia formed student associations and a Shia party with the fundings from Iran, Sunni began to form sectarian militias recruited from Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith madrasahs. Preaching against the Shia in Pakistan was radical cleric Israr Ahmed. Muhammad Manzour Numani, a senior Indian cleric with close ties to Saudi Arabia published a book entitled Iranian Revolution Imam Khomeini and Shiism. The book, which became the gospel of Deoband i militants 18 in the 1980s, attacked Khomeini and argued the excesses of the 8 Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p164. Islamic revolution were proof that Shiism was not the doctrine of misguided brothers, but beyond the Islamic pale. Pakistan is the only Sunni majority country where Shias have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the countrys history and nation building. The founder of Pakistan Muhammed Ali Jinnah, Muhammad Ali Bogra and the Bhutto family are Shia Muslims, as is Asif Ali Zardari, Abida Hussian, Faisal Saleh Hayat and several other top ranking Pakistani Politicians and Generals such as Yahya Khan,Musa Khan andIskander Mirza. Jihad in Kashmir Pakistans support and involvement in Kashmir was also responsible for sectarian violence. While the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Hizbul Mujahideen do not indulge in sectarian violence inside Pakistan, the same cannot be said about other jihadi groups, especially the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and, it s later incarnation, the Jaish-eMohammad. Both these groups were learn in Afghanistan under the Taliban and were close to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, the most violent Sunni organization. Before the Musharraf regime started its rackdown on sectarian organizations in 2001, these three were involved in collecting funds for jihad in Kashmir. The security agencies could not do much, as they could not differentiate which organization was involved. Tribal Conflict in the khyber Pakhtoonkhawa Tribal clashes between Pashtun communitys in the Northwest line Province have also taken on a sectarian nature, with the Shia Orakzai tribe often battling with their Sunni neighbors. These clashes are centered around the town of Bannu, and have often turned deadly.However, the conflict is root in centuries old land disputes, and has only taken on a sectarian nature since the daimon Taliban regime came into power in nearby Afghanistan in the 1990s. The Madrassas Various madrassas, especially in Punjab and K arachi, accentuated existing sectarian cleavage. Each Sunni schism (Deobandi, Brehlvi, Wahabi) and Shias ran their own madrassas for providing basic education. The curriculum was decided by the madaris. As a result, when sectarian fault lines got pronounced, a hate campaign was introduced vis-a-vis the other sect.Besides, the madrassas also provided manpower for these sectarian organizations, hint to sectarian engagements on the streets and dividing them further. About one-third of the 2,50019 registered madrassas in Punjab are known to impart military training to their students, and to be directly involved in sectarian attacks. The communities started defending their faith by protecting and supporting the offenders instead of condemning their violence. This support took the form of political, personal and financial patronage, which only accentuated the cycle of violence. 19Iqbal Quadir, Madrassa Culture in Pakistan, HRCP Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, Nov 1998. FAILURE OF STATE What has been clear since the beginning of this sectarian conflict in Pakistan is the complete failure of the State, from Zias period onwards. It was unfortunate that during Zias period in the 1980s the Turis of Kurram Agency became the pawns in Pakistans larger game in Afghanistan. The State failed to understand Turi fears and insecurity, and has failed to understand them ever since. The emergence of the Taliban and the growth of sectarian politics in the 1990s further aggravated the situation.Given the sensitivities the State forces should have taken extra bring off in preventing the movement of battle hardened Sunni Taliban with their sectarian streak into sensitive places. Unfortunately, the State was never lancinating in enforcing its writ in the tribal agencies. The questions of States failure should be seen in the context of its wider historical lack of interest in maintaining its writ in the FATA. It allowed its writ to erode in the name of maintaining tribal customs and traditions . It even exploited the same customs and traditions to pursue its larger strategic interests in Afghanistan.The Pakistani state has failed to understand that the situation has been dramatically changing over the last decade. A section within the FATA, especially amongst the younger generation, is highly influenced by the Taliban-al Qaeda brand of Islam, and prefers to adhere to their Islamic principles, instead than the age old secular tribal customs of the Pashtuns, referred to as Pashtunwali. Another section, within the young generation, undefended to modern education and democratic ideals, prefers the xpansion of States functions into tribal regions. Though both the above streams of youths are highly anti-American, they dont agree with how they are being governed. While the Taliban supporters prefer to be governed under Shariah, the more modernminded others want the State expand its governance surgical process. Thus, both sections want to repeal the archaic FCR, but for differ ent reasons. More importantly, in the above two schools of thoughts, what is also gradually eroding is the influence of elders and jirga politics.The jirga provides a prefect excuse for the State to keep away from the problems and provides an instrument to maintain law and order. Failure of governance also provided space for other groups to express the local sentiments. While in other parts of the FATA, this expression has taken a religious (orthodox Sunni version adopted by Taliban) course, in Orakzai and Kurram, it has also assumed a sectarian nature. The influence of these sectarian organizations can be fought by the State only by expanding the governance process inside these regions.CONCLUSION Since the late 1980s, the Shia-Sunni sectarian violence has engulfed almost the entire province of Punjab and certain parts of the North-Western Frontier Province (Khyber pakhtoonkhawa ). Though sectarian conflict is not a new phenomenon, the scope, intensity and the continuity of the ongo ing violent phase are unprecedented in the history of Pakistan. Jhang in Punjab province was the first district to fall prey to the increased and persistent nature of sectarian violence in the 1980s.The Shia-Sunni sectarian conflict cannot be explained in religious and ideological terms alone notwithstanding the fact that the religious and sectarian idiom is frequently used by religious leaders from the pulpit to encourage violence, mobilize their followers and achieve political goals. In the context of sectarian violence, the local contextual realities have been of critical significance. The remote stimuli might have played some catalyst role in terms of triggering off and accelerating the process of severance from the dormant sectarian conflict to the violent one.But what is important to note is that the potency of external stimuli and the nature of reaction they might provoke are determined at the local levels. The likelihood of a shift from dormant to violent conflict, however , increases if the institutional and legal structures in a given state fail to position and accommodate to the changing socio-economic realities and/or lack capacity to effectively respond and check the external stimuli. Shia-Sunni conflict is primarily a manifestation of the socio-economic changes at the grassroots level, which have given rise to political tensions among different classes of society.Selected Bibliography Secondary Sources Books Ahmad, Mumtaz. Continuity and Change in the Traditional System of Islamic Education The Case of Pakistan. (Karachi Oxford University Press, 2000). Ahmed, Qeyamuddin. The Wahabi Movement in India (New Delhi Manohar Press, 1994). Jafri, S. H. M. The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam (Karachi Oxford University Press, 2000). Kraan, J. D. Religious Education in Islam with Special Reference to Pakistan An Introduction and Bibliography (Rawalpindi Christian Study Centre, 1984).Nasr, Vali. The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006). Nasr, Val i. Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism (New York Oxford University Press, 1996). Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in key Asia (London Taurus, 2000). Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (Lahore Vanguard, 2002). Sanyal, Usha. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920 (Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996). NewspaperAhmed, Khalid. The Power of the Ahle Hadith, The Friday Times, Lahore, 12-18 July 2002. Journal Haqqani, Husain. Islams Medieval Outposts, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1, 2002, pp58-64. Klare, Michael. Redefining Security The New Global Schisms, Current History, Vol. 95, No. 604, 1996, P161 Seminar paper Sectarianism in Pakistan Submitted to Professor Dr Naseem Submitted by Mati ullah Tareen IR 4th Department of world-wide Relations Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Interrelationship between Psychology and Biology Essay

Of late Psychologists have shown a keen interest in Biology, which even today is considered a completely different discipline of study by many. However the occurrence is that both these disciplines are interconnected. Sickness of the mind prints body and vice versa.According to Nidamboor, Stress, depression, and other psychological factors pick out us vulnerable to many diseases. This is so because the relation between mind and health is balanced not only by our own behavior but also by our biologic connections. There are links between our brain and the immune system, which sometimes work in opposite directions. (para. 5) As a result if we are suffering from a biological disease so it affects are behavior, emotions and interactions with others.In lay to get to the crux of behavioral problems it is very important for the psychologists to have a fair idea of the biological history of a person. This approach would positively affect the diagnosis and the psychological treatmments that an individual is undergoing.Psychological problems manage anxiety disorders, personality disorders, depressive disorders and behavioral disorders have their roots in the biological problems that one is facing. For example if a person is handicapped he exponent suffer from bouts of depression due to his inability to be public as others. Similarly if a person is too fat or too thin then too his emotional well being is affected by his biological body structure. He might indulge in inappropriate eating behaviors and might suffer from a feeling of worthlessness and let out self esteem.Hence it is extremely imperative for psychologists to get thorough knowledge about a leaf nodes status of biological wellbeing. Since there is an extraordinary link between our minds and bodies imbalance of either would affect the other and perhaps this is why psychologists are so concerned with biology.ReferencesNidamboor, R. (2009). How psychology affects biology. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from h ttp//www.mydigitalfc.com/2009/how-psychology-affects-biology

William Faulkner Essay

Gabriel Arcia 9 Honors English Mr. Settle April 18, 2010 William Faulkners Accomplishments William Faulkner s alsod 56 tall, except was a colossus in the realm of Americans (Padgett). He is a great image of literature up to this date for his many a(prenominal) contri thations to American literary works. He has helped humanity discover how important literature and art is in America. He had accomplished more artistically over a decade than most writers in a animation (Padgett). Between the years 1927-1934, he had books published each year (Reuben).Many of his greatest novels were As I Lay Dying Light in America, and above all, Absalom, Absalom. William Faulkner was known as one of the twentieth ampere- irregulars greatest writers in history. He had special talents in drawing and compose poetry. His known books do him president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and he received the National Book Award for A Fable (Hoffman 15). William Faulkner was born on September 25 , 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi (Hoffman 13 Polk). William Clark Faulkners parents named him afterward his great-grandfather (Padgett Polk). His parents names were Murry and Maud Faulkner.His three siblings were Murry, Jr. , John, and Dean, with William being the oldest. In September 22, 1902, when Faulkner was only cinque years old, he moved to Oxford at the urging of his father and stayed there for most of his life (Hoffman 13 Padgett Polk Reuben). This is where he received his baptized name, which was William Cuthbert Faulkner (Reuben). In the sixth grade, Faulkner grew bored with his studies and demonstrated his artistic talents (Padgett). In 1914, Phil play off became Faulkners best friend and encouraged Faulkner in becoming a great author and writer. Hoffman 13 Padgett). While William Faulkner loved being an author, Stone was schooled at Ole Miss and Yale and eventually became a lawyer (Padgett Reuben). In September 1919, Faulkner enrolled at the University of Mississipp i, but never got a college degree (Frenz Hoffman 13 Padgett Reuben). Part of the main causal agency why Faulkner never received a degree was that Mississippi was one of the poorest states during the time of the Great first gear (Padgett). He later dropped out after three semesters in November 1920. School was never on Faulkners mind.It was mostly his writings and artwork that inspired him day by day. Faulkners childhood sweet fondness was a young girl named Estelle Oldham, who was very popular and attended many dances and parties (Padgett Reuben). There were many barriers between them and the origin for that is Faulkners mother sent him to school and this opened a door for someone else to bead in love with Estelle. The man who eventually fell in love with Estelle was Cornell Franklin. They married in Oxford on April 18th, 1918 however, in 1929 Estelle divorced Franklin and married William Faulkner on June 20th (Padgett Reuben).In 1931, Faulkners first daughter was born but died nine days later, but two years after his first daughters death, his second daughter was born and her name was Jill (Reuben). One of the best-known authors that influenced William Faulkner was Mark Twain. Mark Twains famous novels were The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (Polk). Faulkner was inspired by Twains famous novels and they led him to become an author. Faulkners first book published was The Marble Faun in 1924 (Hoffman 13). Other than being an author, Faulkner had a temporary think over in a New York bookstore and the New Orleans Newspaper (Frenz).Faulkner took an application to join the U. S. strain Force too. In his application, Faulkner changed his name to Finchley, lived in the county of Middlesex, England, birth date was May 25, 1898, and his current civil byplay was student (Reuben). His application in the U. S. seam Force was denied. He was non allowed to join because they thought Faulkner was too short. Faulkner then decided to join the Canadian Ro yal Air Force. He took part in area War I during this phase of his life. (Hoffman 13). He was later discharged from his position in the Royal Air Force, but received a commission as the honorable second lieutenant on July 8, 1918.In 1932, Faulkner entered Hollywood as a motion-picture scriptwriter. This is where he worked for the 20th Century Fox and Universal Studios (Polk Reuben). Faulkners tones in his novels were usually serious and even tragic (Polk). Faulkners fiction books discuss issues on sex, class, race relation, and dealings with nature. In 1948, Intruder in the Dust was the most outspoken moral evaluation of relationships between blacks and whites (Frenz). Critics denounced his books with their violence on violence and abnormality. One of William Faulkners famous quotes is, The past is never dead its not even past (qtd. n Reuben). In 1957, William Faulkner took two semester classes as Writer-in-Residence in the University of Virginia (Hoffman 15). In 1948, Faulkner w as elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters (Polk Reuben). In 1949, William Faulkner received a Nobel Prize in literature and accept it in December of 1950 (Hoffman 14 Reuben). William Faulkner was given the National Book Award for his collected stories in 1951. In 1955, he won the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for A Fable (Hoffman 15). One of William Faulkners brilliant and best novels was The Sanctuary.His last book before he died was The Reivers and it received another. In July 6, 1962, William Faulkner died of a stub attack in Oxford at the age of 65 (Padgett Reuben). Right after his death, Faulkner was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for The Reivers (Hoffman 15). One of his quotes in the Nobel Prize speech was, The young man or women writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agency and the sweat (qtd. in Padgett). William Faulkner has inspired American literature and history.He is known passim the humans, because he believed in his true dreams. He traveled from Japan to Nogan and many more places in the world to attend conferences and lecture many classes (Hoffman 15). Millions of people have failed once in their lives, but William Faulkner did not let failure get into his way. On a nice summer day, Faulkner was injured by a fall from a horse (Padgett). He did not let that fall stop him from his literary works. In every book Faulkner published, he reminded his readers of his worldwide values, which are love, honor, pity, pride, compassion, and sacrifice (Polk).Of course, there were many critiques on his books and genres, but he also had thousands of fans that enjoyed his books and his amazing artwork. Faulkner was raised in a normal family like everyone else is raised in the world, but he decided to come into it and make a difference in it. He pursued his dreams until he finally got hold of it and used it to c hange the world. A lot of people do not post-horse Faulkners hard work and effort, but one day everyone will realize the importance of this universal figure and appreciate William Faulkner for his amazing contributions to American literature. Rios

Corporate governance: Business Issues and Ethics

Q1. Q1.Corporate administration is defined the procedure, such(prenominal) as the procedures of end definition and control, by which furrow constituteers seek to guarantee that their federation is run in conformity with their purposes. In a broader sense, it comprises all histrions that contribute to the accomplishment of stake returner ends outdoors and inside the company. In the narrow sense, it comprises the solicitude and seamholders of the company as the chief histrions.In public-listed organisation, corporate administration is needed because there is a principal-agent relation arose by the insulation of ownership and control. The consanguinity is delicate due to being non framed in a contract. The fol let downs willing analyzeThe stockholders have some rights, for illustration, vote in the general meeting, considering their stock and actioning the directors for misconduct. Besides, directors be handicraft for pull offing the belongings of stockholders in their involve ments, including planning schemes and determination devising. They besides have some responsibilities, such as moving for the benefits of the company, responsibility of attention and accomplishments thanks to effectual and efficiency operation and responsibility of diligence. Therefore, the relationship between stockholders and managers should be near.In the relegate of personal business, the directors control the company but stockholders tho control indirectly their belongingss. It seems the stockholders are chief and direction is an agent to move in their involvement with the boundary of the company.In fact, some(prenominal) have struggle of involvement. The ground is that the outlooks of stockholders are to seek net income and increase section pecuniary valuate and re coife of the company. They think directors act in shareholders best involvements. However, directors expect to hold to a greater extent occasion and high hire, including fillip and benefit. Their action is based on their opportunism, non stockholders. For case, the directors may cut mess the quality of merchandises for salvaging money in order to themselves involvement. Sometimes, it leads to drop the companys repute. Hence, their behaviour differs from shareholders outlooks. Besides, the higher the director wage is, the more the scale of the company is.In add-on, informational dissymmetry is that stockholders have limited cognition and penetration into the ends and makings of directors. Directors know more sterling(prenominal)information of the company than shareholders . In otherwise words, a party knows some relevant information but non all parties. Sometimes, directors conform to egotism involvement so that it leads to stockholders loss and inefficient operation of the company.In the above quandary, corporate administration evict equilibrate the involvements of many stakeholders in a company, for illustration, its stockholders, community, clients and direction. What is m ore, it fork everyplaces a model for accomplishing the aims of a company. It has assort models in planetary, including Asian theoretical account and Anglo-American theoretical account.There are three chief honest jobs arose by corporate administration, as followersFirst of wholly, the ethical issue is fiscal markets and insider trading. Although the premise of a perfect market is that stock monetary pry reflects all publically available information, in fact, it is hard in the universe because of fearful religion stocks. The dot-com bubble means a company does non do any or do less net income but there is worth on the market. The bond is based on recall without to the full uncovering sum of uncertainness. Furthermore, a batch of pensionaries use their financess to put in many bonds disoriented some parts of their income. That is to secern, stock market does non to the full show the sum of uncertainness when stock monetary value consists of an component of guess. Nevertheless , institutional investors use other peoples money to put the stocks. The state of affairs reflects the investors wholly abuse others trust.Insider trading is that a portion of investors in the market have superior cognitions compared with others. When stock is sold or bought based on non-public information, insider trading arises at the minute. The ground is that staff and direction of a company must cognize early events which impact on its portion monetary value, insiders may take unnatural net income or avoid loss. Sometimes, staff in the company decides to exert their options or sell their portions based on their inside information. At the same clock time, the action besides leads to unfairness, embezzlement of belongings, undermining of fiducial relationship and injury to bargainers and the market.Second, there is executive wage. Fact cat wage is a charge for the outperform of CEO and directors, such as committee and fillip. The sum of wage is excessively monolithic. The job i s that there is a serious contrast between their wages and public presentation. And so, it is of importing about the involvement of stockholders and directors. In tonss of states, the ripening of their wages outstrips shareholders returns. If their wage is higher, it amendss shareholders value and increases the companys load even settlement. The ground is that higher wage paid leads to the lower net income property to stockholders. Therefore, a great flock of executive salary consists of portion and portion options to aline stockholders and managers involvement today. If the wage is related to performance-related wage, executives would endeavor to increase portion monetary value and shareholders returns. It leads to higher wages and fillips for the executives.Finally, the ethic job is about amalgamations and acquisitions. The original aim of amalgamations and acquisitions is to acquir an plus transferred from an proprietor to another(prenominal) proprietor because it will increas e wealth on the company. Leaving the plus can cut down uneffective direction and higher follows. Sometimes, the amalgamations and acquisitions may be unsuccessful. It leads to blow money, vision and clip. It is critical that the aim would be distorted by directors because directors may prosecute involvements that differ from stockholders involvements and it exist struggle of involvement. On one side, executives pursue prestigiousness and repute. On the other side, stockholders seek net income and portion monetary value.Hostile coup detats, which are one of amalgamations, occur when an investor or a group of investors want to purchase a major stock of a company against the commit of its board. The stockholders of the company want to sell but the remainder stockholders do non desire to sell. In a company, there is contrastive sentiment on the event. Merely if stockholders are willing to sell their portions, the hostile coup detats would rapidly interfere the staying shareholders b elongingss. At the same clip, it besides arise other jobs. For illustration, they provide aureate parachute, a batch of money. Or, directors in secret send greenmail to the hostile coup detats because they intend to concord their place after amalgamations. Apart from that, the company may reconstitute and downsize and it will originate more ethical issue, such as firing staff.Except the above three ethical jobs, corporate administration would do other ethical jobs.Q2.Suppliers and vendees ever cause many different jobs. One of them is the abuse of power which is anisometric state of affairss between both parties and would impact industry profitableness. By and large, the power of purchasers and providers is based on resource dependance theory. The theory depends on the grade on the partys resources. The power is matched by two factors, as followersResource scarceness is the grade to which the parties have or lack the merchandises. That is, it is the design of the good enoughs panic. For case, the provider has adequate resources, and purchasers are less importance and dependance on the provider so that the provider wields power over the purchasers, or frailty versa.Resource public-service corporation is the degree to which the parties need or do non necessitate the trade. In other words, it is the extent of the goods utility for the party. For illustration, the suppliers resources are utile and the purchaser dependance on the provider, as a consequence, the provider wields power over the purchasers, or frailty versa.Dickering poweris the exponent of a party ( A ) in a state of affairs to exercise influence over another party in a trade in order to accomplish a trade which is benefit to A. Harmonizing to the above factors, there is a simple sum-up. When a suppliers resources are comfortable and non of import to purchaser, or the buyers resources are scarce and critical to the provider, the purchaser may hold more bargaining power than the suppliers. Con versely, if the suppliers resource has less scare and is of import to the purchaser, the provider has dickering power over the purchaser.When a party exercises power over anothers one, the power may be abused or used lawfully. Therefore, the power should be used suitably. In unmindful term, providers obtain benefit and net income advantages if they gain exerting extra power. In long term, nevertheless, the cumulative state of affairs has disadvantages because the purchasers find other providers who lose the clients. Besides, possible purchasers may fall in with other purchasers to increase imbibe per unit area on the provider, or providers compose co-ops to confront the powerful purchasers. Therefore, they may alter the state of affairs. They can reason selling monetary value, restricted conditions and so on.There are two of import factors that affect the procedure of globalisation. They drive globalisation in concern, as followersCost advantagesParties pursue the lower cost for p roduction, including natural stuff, labor and constituents.Gramovernment influenceThere are different criterions for ordinance, such as working patterns, safety and environment protection.When providers put into planetary, they should see four state of affairss, as followersCalciferolifferent manner of making concernThere are assorted purification and impressions in the universe. When people from different states face same state of affairs, they have different thought and rating so that their behavior is easy contradiction.For give gift, graft and corruptness between providers and purchasers, assorted states have assorted attitudes, for illustration, citizens in China like giving gift which is friendly niceness. Sometimes, a gift is hard to require up ones mind whether it is bribery or courtesy. On one manus, the behavior of graft is an offense. On the other manus, rejecting gift besides harms the concern relationship and jeopardises the trade. There are ethical quandaries so th at many states would hold tolerated gift-giving patterns and apply assorted restrictions on gift.Besides, the purpose of giving nowadays is considered. It should be regarded as acceptable when giving gift is without an purpose to obtain advantages, if it is non perceived and if it does non hold any consequence. If a provider and a purchaser exchange gift and it is non that merely one party provides gift to another for a long clip, it is acceptable. In fact, it is hard to separate which is pure giving gift, graft or corruptness. The job still exists in different states and houses.Impacts on autochthonal concernSuppliers from other counties enter into local anesthetic and they would see cost and other advantages to compare with local rivals. Furthermore, they may harm autochthonal houses by presenting strong competition in labor and merchandise. The significance is that providers from other states may installation local suppliers settlement or resettlement. It will impact local indust ries and take to more cardinal societal and economic decay.Calciferoliffering labor andenvironmentcriterionsRace to the bottom occurs when the demand is for the lower-cost production in develop states. The method can help providers to salvage some money. It may do some ethical issues for providers because lower costs consist of less environmental protection, hapless labour conditions, and lower attending to safety and wellness.Furthermore, the providers may supply compulsory overtime, naming child labor, below life pay and failed to hold statutory rights to clip off recognized. In add-on, they may utilize unsafe chemicals that cause serious harm to human and environmental wellness in developing states.Tocopherolxtended concatenation of dutyThe deduction of planetary supply is that single providers are face up with the chance of an drawn-out concatenation of duty. No longer acceptable to reason that the moralss of providers impact on their rivals was merely non any of their concern . The assorted economic and societal conditions show in other states, every bit good as the inequalities brought to the surface by international trade. It means that the flat playing field, which is caused by international concern, is replaced with the slanting and rough playing surface of globalisation.MentionAndrew Crane & A Dirk Matten,Business moralss Oxford, 3rd editionAssignment 2